GARDENS AND ORCHARDS, 
171 
As the extension of orchards, and improvement of 
fruit, and the liquor obtained from it, seem objects of 
considerable national importance, more especially, if 
the quality of the liquor could be so improved, as to 
supersede, in some degree, the importation of foreign 
wines, and its quantity so increased as to lessen the 
immense breadth of land sown with barley, I shall beg 
leave to make some abstracts from Mr. Marshall’s ob¬ 
servations, who made this fruit district his residence, 
more than once, for some length of time, for the par¬ 
ticular purpose of obtaining information on this subject, 
and for a more minute detail, see his Rural Economy 
of Gloucestershire—Article, Fruit. 
I assume with him the commonly received, and I 
believe established, maxim, that all our sorts of apples 
are varieties of the wilding or crab (Pyrus malus), and 
all our sorts of pears, varieties of the wild pear (Pyrus 
communis) ; and that all these varieties have been at 
different times accidentally raised from the pippin or 
kernel of the original fruit, or from each other. 
Dr. Withering says, (I know not from what autho¬ 
rity,) that the cyder apple trees were originally 
brought from Normandy. Miller, who had great ex¬ 
perience in fruit, says, there are not above two or 
three sorts of French apples much esteemed in England, 
Avhich are the rennets and the violet apple, the other 
sorts being early fruit, which will not keep long, and 
generally mealy; and we have many better fruits raised 
in England, which he enumerates, and amongst them 
the golden pippin, and other prime sorts. 
Mr. Biggs, Nurseryman, Worcester, advertises the 
new scarlet nonpareil, and the new Blenheim orange 
apple, as in high estimation, 1807. 
Mr. 
