■ ■ ' \ ... i \ y . _ ' 
enquired then, if he had taken care to give ^hem the same exi 
|iosure they had before. I was told that the one which was < 
living was so planted, and that those which were dead, had 
been placed in a contrary direction. 
It is difficult to say, whether trees should be transplanted in 
the winter, or in the spring. This question is to be decided 
from the nature of the soil, the species of the plant, and the 
situation where one wishes to fix it. The former of tliesfe rea¬ 
sons is, in general, better adapted to dry and high places ; the 
latter, to low and wet grounds. 
There are places where the soil iS totally contntfy to vege¬ 
tation ; and others, where its sterility exists only in the inferior 
strata. In a marshy situation it will be requisite to make a 
drain to carfy off the waters, and in the other above-mentioned 
bases, to dig large pits and fill them with good earth. As high 
grounds are liable to give way and sink, and low ones to raise 
themselves, the trees on the top of declivities must be planted 
deep, while those in the vales need not be much below the sur¬ 
face. Those in intermediate situations must be set in propor¬ 
tion to the degree of declivity. As the roots of the cutting do 
not strike deep} they must be planted deeper than those of the 
seedling. 
A composition of tow dung, clay} and wood, or sea-weed 
ashes; in the proportion of weight Of 3, 2, and i; in the order l 
mention these articles, being diluted with urine and soap-suds, 
and applied in a rope of twisted hay round the young plants, 
nourishes them, and protects them against field mice and ralv 
bits, and guards them against the effects of frost, and the other 
inclemencies of the weather. When they are secured with 
either thorn or furze, it prevents the cattle from doing them 
any injury. The spring is the proper time to remove this co¬ 
vering, when the trees are become strong enough to dispensd 
With it. 
The violence of the high winds is liable to shake them, but 
a few stones heaped up round their foot will keep them steady. 
They ate preferable to props, as they allow the trunk to movl 
itself gently} and do not occasion any stagnation in the sap. 
They have, besides the salutary effect in a light soil of making 
the earth lie closer on the roots; and by restraining evapora¬ 
tion, of keeping them fresh during the summer. There is 11b 
reason why the field should not be sown the same year that 
the frees are planted. The crop may grow equally on the 
Whole of its surface, care having been taken after ploughing.* 
bf covering the stones with earth in the shape of a small 
tumulus. 
It is desirable that the circulation of the sap in the vege¬ 
table, as well as the secretion of fluids in the animal economy, 
should be-made elaborate by exercise. This is the cause that 
the fruit of standard trees, when it conies to maturity, lias 
more flavour, than that of the same kind which has been grown 
on espaliers; this circumstance being striking in the warmer 
climates. The circulation of the sap in the trunk of trees 
• which 
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