44 Records of the Geological Survey of Lidia. [vol. ii. 
them and the Bhcowa ridge; here also the general appearance is similar to that of the 
other principal hill groups. 
Upon these general considerations of similarity of structure, position, and to a great 
extent of composition, one would not hesitate to suppose the rocks of all these eastern groups 
to belong to the same formation as the Rajgirs &c.;it is the conflicting evidence of the bottom- 
rocks, as already noticed, that would suggest a doubt—in the best sections I have seen at 
the base of the Kurruckpur and Ghiddour hills, the rocks near the great quartzites 
resemble those of Luckieserai. Although it would still he possible that there are two 
series of equal magnitude, and so closely resembling, yet quite distinct, the presumable un¬ 
likelihood of such being the ease would quite outweigh all the difficulties to their complete 
identification ; and it is only on the supposition of the sections to which I allude proving 
deceptive that 1 would venture to suppose there being any separation at all among 
these rocks, further than what may exist between the groups described in Bijawur 
to which 1 would then consider them parallel. The case I would explain is well exhibited 
at the east end of the Ghiddour range : for some distance a low flanking ridge follows the 
curve, and close to the base, of the great cliff of quartzite ; it is principally formed of a coarse 
schist,-conglomerate, sub-angular pieces (some are six inches across) of quartzites undistinguisli- 
ablc from those of the cliff, even to the peculiar innate mica; still the rock is thoroughly 
metamorphic, with the pebbles firmly soldered to the matrix. The underlie of this rock here is 
30° to 50° westwards, thus apparently underlying the rocks of the range above. At the sout h¬ 
east, angle, however, instead of following the run of the range westwards, it trends away to 
south and south-east, with very low dips, and completely identifies itself with the similarly 
arranged gneiss, schist and subordinate quartzite that cover so much of the low ground. 
1 have little doubt, in identifying these rocks with those at Luckieserai; and it appears to 
me more than doubtful that they truly underlie the Ghiddour quartzites. There is ample 
evidence on record of younger, apparently passing under older, deposits; and without involving 
the inversion of either. On the strength of their much more advanced type of metamorphism, 
these gneissic rocks at the base of the Kurruckpur and Ghiddour ranges have been 
considered altogether more ancient, than the rocks of the hills; but if the suggestion now 
made be confirmed, that order will have to he completely reversed. 
The same conjecture occurred to me from an independent point of view in the 
neighbourhood of Mahabur. Within about amile of the cast end of this ridge, right in the 
axis of its strike, we find these associated layers of tough mica-schist, hornblende-schist,, 
gneiss, and subordinate quartzite, covering considerable areas at low undulating angles of 
disturbance. I was quite unable to conceive how such rocks could have been where they are 
at the time when the great quartzites were so intensely plicated, and the schists below them 
received their steady cleavage. The foliation of the Mahabur schists is cleavage-foliation; 
that of those other rocks is strictly lamination-foliation. This mechanical objection is at 
least as valid as the chemical one to which it is opposed, and which would determine the 
relative ages by relative metamorphism. But, indeed, there is little to choose between on 
ibis score here, for the Mahabur schists are often gneissose, containing much felspar. 
lu connection with this question of relative ages, it is necessary to notice the 
structure of the ranges as related to their distribution. Their isolated positions are not 
simply due to denudation : it is certain that the matter removed from between them at 
their present common level consisted in great, part of crystalline rock. Uniform as is the 
general strike of the ridges, the termination of the ranges does not present a serrated front; 
the quartzites of the outer longitudinal ridges are bent, round in a sharp regular curve, form¬ 
ing a continuous ridge of equal or greater elevation at the curve, with a precipitous external 
face, and generally an equally regular converging internal underlie. This feature is more 
especially well marked on the eastern aspect. In the larger groups there are internal 
features of the same kind ; the contortion presenting a two-fold system of corrugation, one 
of which (the east-west one) greatly predominates, producing the marked longitudinal out¬ 
line of the ranges. The cleavage and its foliation in the schists have been observed to follow 
these same curves. It v r as partly upon this evidence in the Rajgir group—that one can 
walk from any one ridge to any other without crossing a band of the schists which appear so 
freely in the enclosed valleys—that I inferred the supraposition of the quartzites. The 
drainage of these internal valleys does not take place endways, hut, by narrow gaps cut 
through the longitudinal ridges of quartzite. Outside the hills granitic rocks are sometimes 
sotm in front of these abrupt terminations of the quartzite ranges. Thus it would seem as 
if the existing masses of the sub-nietarnorphic rocks had occupied areas of locally greater 
