PART 8.] 
Geology of Kulch, Western India. 
without a trace of a Zamia leaf being found, and there seems to be no more reason for suppos¬ 
ing- them freshwater than some other bed's in which ammonites occur lying among a mass of 
vegetable remains, the woody fibre of which is generally distinguishable, though often 
obliterated by carbonisation. 
Such intimate association of the Zamia with marine forms has not, it is true, been dis¬ 
covered, but nevertheless it may not be unreasonable to suppose that these plants were floated 
out from land, and deposited by the sea at depths unsuited to the marine life of the period or 
at localities where this was from other causes absent. As Mr. Elan ford has observed in the 
paper above mentioned, 'no sudden change in the racks nor any unconformity has been found 
to mark the transition from a salt to a freshwater period; ’ and while it is evident that land 
plants may be carried out to sea, though marine organisms cannot so readily And their way 
into freshwater deposits, it is easier to believe that the whole of these salt, Jurassic rocks 
are of marine origin than that repeated alternation of fresh and salt water beds takes place 
without any marked difference of character or aspect occurring in the rocks. 
It may also be observed that though there are hut few evidently marine beds, and these 
not immediately associated with Zamia-bearing rocks in the upper part of the Jurassics 
seen, still these Zamia beds contain plants only, no freshwater shells, fish, nor animal remains 
occurring to contest the possibility of the containing rocks being of marine or perhaps 
estuarine formation, 
Great as is the thickness of the Jurassic beds, it is that only of a portion of the group 
the base of which is not visible, and the upper beds being unconformably overlapped by the 
Bedded Trap, they may continue to increase in quantity beneath the latter much further than 
they can be observed. There are, however, some appearances, along their uppermost boundary, 
which may be slight indications that the Jurassic period was drawing to a close, and that 
the deposition of rocks much resembling some of their upper beds ushered in the commence¬ 
ment of the succeeding unconformable tertiary group in those places at least where this 
succession was not interrupted by the accumulation of the intervening Bedded Trap. 
Traps. 
By far the largest part of the trap rocks is referrible beyond a doubt to the 
same period as the vast stratified accumulation known as the Deccan Traps. Some of the 
lowest flows are very thick, presenting few or no traces of bedding for more than 100 feet, 
hut, further up this is as plain as all the other appearances, such as bods of red bole, alterna¬ 
tions of amygdaloidal and columnar basaltic flows, presence of zeolites, and so forth, which 
characterise the formation elsewhere. The trap is sometimes magnetic, and among its lower 
beds ashy sandstone or calcareous bands occasionally exist. In one place near its local 
base an interstratitied bed of friable red sandstone 30 feet, in thickness was observed, and in 
auother a small lenticular deposit of intertrappean calcareous rock containing small fisli 
scales.* 
The Hows or beds have a low steady southerly or south-westerly inclination, forming a 
wide hilly belt through the centre of more than the western half of the province, but their 
deposition does not scorn to have extended to the place occupied by the eastern extremity of 
the district. The thickness of this formation is much less than usual, being estimated at 
about 2,500 feet. 
An obscure group of earthy sandstones formed largely of trappean materials, often 
indistinctly bedded and containing woody plant impressions, occurs in several places, having 
but indefinite relations to the lower part of the Bedded Traps, but resting quite uncon¬ 
formably on the J urassic rocks and often closely associated with masses of intrusive trap near 
which also white sandstone is often strongly columnar. 
The intrusive traps —occur chiefly in the Jurassic area, and probably mark some of the 
places from which those just mentioned issued. 
They consist generally of augitic or basaltic traps varying in color (different black and 
grayish hues), and in texture from a close compact rock to one coarsely cr 3 r stalline, the crystals 
of glassy felspar being interlaced, and the deeply weathered soft light-colored surface taking 
* Within the last few days information has been obtained of the discovery by Mr. Fedden of intertrappean beds 
containing Phyw Fnnsepk, in the western extension of the trappean formation, famishing still further proof of 
the identity of these with the Deccan Traps. 
