94 
[VOL. V. 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
In the present state of our knowledge it appears to be most in accordance with what 
information wo possess to include in the older tertiary series all the rocks in Western India 
above the trap up to and including the beds of Perim and the Sivaliks. It is true that Dr. 
Falconer has pointed out the connexion between the fauna of the Sivaliks and that now 
living, and the absence of any great break in the chain of life; and it is possible that when 
the Indian tertiary formations are better known, a different sub-division to that now proposed 
may be desirable ; but at present all that can be said is that the secies as here proposed does 
appear to exist in Western India, and that, so far as is known, there is a break at its close. 
So greatly do the beds of the Tertiaries vary, and so little has been done towards their 
correlation, that it is impracticable to describe them so generally as has been done in the case 
of the older formations; and, in order to give a fair idea of them, it is necessary to explain 
briefly the succession of beds in the different districts in which they are found, commencing 
in eastern Guj rat and thence tracing them across to Sind. The general succession appears 
to be sandy and argillaceous beds deposited in part in rivers or estuaries, and containing 
remains of land plants and animals at the top and base, and marine beds, some of them 
limestones formed in deep water, in the middle of the series. This is especially the case to 
tho westward. 
Surat and Bharoch .—At the base of tho tertiary formations near Surat are thick beds 
of ferruginous clay assuming, where exposed, the characteristic brown crust and pseudo- 
scoriaceous appearance of laterite, from which they differ in no respect. These at first sight 
appear to bo of volcanic origin, an idoa which is strengthened by tho neighbourhood of the 
tiaps on which they lest, but close examination has shown that they are really sedimentary 
deposits, although composed in all probability of materials derived from the disintegration 
and denudation of the trap. With them are interstratified beds of gravel or conglomerate 
containing agate pebbles (the agates derived from the trap), and limestone, sometimes nearly 
pure, but more frequently sandy, argillaceous or ferruginous, and abounding in nummulites 
and other fossils, many of them identical with those found in Sind and in the Eocene rocks 
of Europe. 
Above the limestones and laterite beds there is found a great thickness of gravels, some¬ 
times cemented into a conglomerate, sandy clay and ferruginous sandstone, often nodular. 
These contain fossils also, though not in such abundance as tho lower limestones, and the 
species are different and perhaps belong to a higher horizon. Hitherto, however, they have 
not been properly examined and compared. There is some evidence in favour of unconform¬ 
ity between tho two groups ; the lower, which is well seen about Tark&ar and Gula east of 
Surat, being apparently overlapped by the higher beds to tho northward. 
Those higher beds are but poorly exposed in tho Tapti river near Gutta and Karjan, and 
in the Kim between Kimamli and Elao, but they arc well seen in tho stream which runs 
past Eatanpiir east of Bharoch. Hero they consist chiefly of sandstone, gravel, and conglo¬ 
merate, with occasional beds of red or white clay and shales. The pebbles in tho gravels and 
conglomerates are mostly of agate and other quartzoso minerals derived from the traps; and 
from some of these beds tho carnclians and agates are obtained, which have from time imme¬ 
morial supplied the lapidaries of Khambayat. 
The Eocene rocks in Surat and Bharoch form merely a fringe along the edge of the 
traps; and they are covered and concealed to tho westward by alluvium. A few traces of 
them have been found south of the Tapti, but none have hitherto been detected north of 
the Narbada. 
Perim Island.—The rocks of Perim Island in the Gulf of Khambayat are isolated; and 
it is difficult to say whether they belong to the group just described, or whether they are a 
portion of a newer formation altogether. In some respects they resemble the beds of the 
