PART 8.] 
Wynne : Geology of the Upper Punjab. 
61 
more or less numerously fragments of bones. In the upper and more conglomeratic por¬ 
tions of the series, these bones are frequently mammalian; while below, even to the base, 
and there associated with Nummulitic, or Botalina-hemvng, layers, the bones, rarely in a 
good state of preservation, are believed to be more commonly reptilian, as appears from Major 
Vicary’s writings to be the case in the corresponding beds at Subathu* 
Prom Murreef southwards the general stratigraphical structure of the hill country is 
a succession of great waves commencing with an anticlinal curvature close to that station, 
the synclinals of the curves embracing some of the higher strata, form grand vertical cliffs, 
when largely composed of massive sandstones bedded nearly horizontally, as around the eleva¬ 
tions of Karor and Nurr’h, very similar to the cliffs on the Indus at Dangote above Ivalabagh. 
Towards Jhelam the curves appear to become softer aud more open, and some of the 
highest beds, the conglomerates previously mentioned, come in. 
In the vicinity of Murree, and along deeply excavated valleys lying in a general direction 
north of east and south of west, overlooked by the northern slopes of the Murree ridge, the 
lower red tertiary rocks terminate ; one side of these valleys being chiefly formed of the red 
rocks, and the other of contorted limestones and shales, towards which the Murree beds are 
frequently inclined. These are the main or striking circumstances of the positions of the 
rocks, which, however, when examined in more detail, are not found to be strictly limited to 
opposite sides of the valleys, small portions of the red beds being found in the limestone 
hill slopes, and a pretty constant rib of nummulitic limestone stretching from the Kooldunna 
bole (lying northwards from Murree) along the foot of the Murree ridge westwards by south. 
The rocks on both sides of the junction-valley present the strongest evidence of dis¬ 
turbance ; and faults, or lines of displacement, are numerous. Starting from Murree, red and 
grayish sandstones, with imperfect plant-impressions alternating with deep red clays, form 
all the slopes in a descending northerly direction, till the rib of limestone is reached. On 
both sides of this, calcareous nummulitic layers alternate with the red beds. And gypsum 
occurs more or less on the Murree side of the rib and close to it. Beyond the rib of strong 
dark limestone, red and gray sandstone and clay beds (forming the major portion of Ivool- 
dunna hill) predominate ; and on the ascent of the opposite slopes of the Mochpoora chain, 
gray nummulitic limestone, sometimes crowded with small fidtalince, alternate with dark 
shales. But even here detached longitudinal masses of the red Murree beds lying parallel 
with the principal features appear to be faulted deeply into the limestone group. Further 
up on the Mochpoora ridge and beyond it, northwards, jurassic and triassic rocks appear, in 
the manner shown in Dr. Waagen’s paper on the neighbourhood of Khairagully and 
Chumba Peak (the result of a joint examination of the locality with the writer, see 'Records 
Geological Survey, Vol. V, page IS). 
In studying the junction of the more mechanically formed tertiary beds with those 
consisting largely of nummulitic limestone along the Murree valleys hut little value can 
be attached to the distorted dips of the beds; some traces of a former regular succession 
from the limestones of the Mochpoora ridge upwards into the Murree beds being perhaps 
slightly indicated; and the present positions of the rocks may be, for all that is seen to the 
contrary, freely and fairly attributed to the united results of folding and faulting: 
traces of the latter being too prevalent for faulted displacement to be excluded from consider¬ 
ation in the effort to account for the existing state of things. 
Beyond the Murree region westward, the junction of the Murree rocks with the lime¬ 
stones to the north presents very much the same general character, the gypseous zone being 
* Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. IX, p. 72, 1863. 
t Koh Mari (i. e., Mari mountain) is the name of this locality, the a having the sound of 0; hence the adoption 
here of the common phonetic and more popular spelling. 
