PART 3.] 
Wynne: Geology of the Upper Punjab. 
63 
There can be little or no doubt that the red Murree roots are, or represent, the num- 
mulitic Subathu beds of Mr. Medlicott, which, in the Simla districts, rest unconformably 
upon limestones and slates of unknown age; while in this part of the Punjab nummulitic 
rocks occur on both sides of the junction. It would be manifestly improper to ignore 
this line of junction and carry the nummulitic boundary across it while it presents so 
marked a feature. Without some palpable local evidence, it would be equally improper to 
indicate an unconformable break in the nummulitic series; hut as this might possibly 
exist together with the faulting and displacement which seems to have occurred, it is 
proposed to express the line upon the map as one of fault, at least provisionally or until the 
whole country has been explored, with the hope that something further may be found to ex¬ 
plain the dilference between the present aspect of the junctions here and in the Simla regions. 
With respect to the other junctions of Mr. Medlicott, showing repeated unconformity in 
the ascending series between his tertiary snb-groups, the difference in this district has to be 
noticed. The description of the rocks would point to their close identity; but in the Simla 
region the succession appears to have been interrupted; while here the most apparently 
regular sequence and conformity has only been observed southward from the limestone 
hills, crossing the country in an east and west direction north of Rawul Pindi; the red Murree 
rocks, either vertical or dipping at high angles, reach down to the latitude of that place, 
interrupted only by a long ridge of nummulitic limestone of the hill type, which, lying 
west by south from the station, appears to occnpy a space between two converging lines of 
fault. Southward of this the Murree beds pass up (still retaining their high dip) into the 
‘red and gray’ series in which the first hands of conglomerate appear. In these 
conglomerates, notwithstanding the parallelism of the beds, are enclosed limestone pebbles, 
proved by the small Nummulites which they contain to have belonged to that formation; 
but where the break occurs during which the denudation of the older rock took place it is 
at present impossible to say. 
Above the ‘ red and gray’ rocks come others with more of orange colour in the clays ; 
and these pass up, as already stated, into the conglomerate group. The upper portion of 
the series in the neighbourhood of these comglomerates has been identified from its fossil 
bones with the Sivalik group by the late Dr. Falconer (paper by Mr. Theobald on the Salt- 
Range : Proceedings, Asiatic Society, Vol. XXIII, 1854, page 677). So that in this district the 
Subathu and Sivalik groups of the Simla region may be considered present; while many 
of the intervening rocks would answer to the description of the Nahun beds of 
Mr. Medlicott. The peculiarity of the frequently interrupted succession in that region, 
contrasted with that almost complete sequence here, would indicate considerable difference in 
the physical causes which affected the deposition of the tertiary rocks in one region as 
compared with the other. 
It is difficult to estimate the thickness of these sandy and earthy tertiary rocks in 
consequence of the numerous contortions, and the all but positive certainty that in many 
places, where the beds are apparently steady at high angles or vertical, the arches of numerous 
folds are concealed. The fact of this contortion impressed Mr. Lyman (Report on the oil 
regions of the Punjab) with the idea that the thickness of the whole was much less than 
it would appear. But while it is of course possible, it is at the same time not easy to 
imagine, all these contortions lying exactly so that the plane (or approximation thereto) 
of the surface of the country should intersect them without exposing either recognisable 
repetitions of each group or some of the next underlying strata. The absence of these 
cases seemed to point to an enormous accumulation of the beds, notwithstanding their con¬ 
volution; and this is rendered more probable from an observation lately made in the Jhelam 
valley within Cashmere territory, where part of the red Murree group, dipping regularly at 
