PART 2.] 
Market: Country near Gwalior. 
41 
Upper Vindkyans. —The rocks nearest, to the Gwalior ridge are the Upper Vindkyans, 
the upper group of which, the Bundairs, form a high scarp running nearly parallel to the 
ridge. The Bundairs are for the most part nearly horizontal, but sometimes at their north¬ 
western limit dip at a high angle towards the south-east. There are two other broken ridges 
in front, north-west of the Bundair scarp, dipping at a high angle to the south-east, pro¬ 
bably formed of the lower groups of the Upper Vindkyans, viz., the Rewfth and Kymore. 
The nature of the .junction between the Vindkyans and the Gwaliors is obscured by the 
alluvium. 
Byana hills. —A few miles north-west of the Gwalior ridge, and roughly parallel to it, 
is another line of hills extending from Byana in a south-westerly direction. 
Quartzite series. —These hills are formed of a series of rocks not yet described, which 
we have provisionally called the ‘quartzite series.’ It consists of an immense thickness of 
quartzite sandstone, shales and conglomerate. The lowest group includes numerous spreads 
of contemporaneous trap. 
The quartzite series is most probably more recent than the Gwalior and older than 
the Vindhyan, for the conglomerate of the middle group (Dnmduma) of the quartzite 
series contains pebbles of ribboned jasper, &<s„ almost certainly derived from the (Iwalior series; 
and some distance south-west of Hindown, near Kevowlie, the Upper Vindkyans rest 
unconformably upon the lowest group of the quartzite series. 
Lower Vindkyans. —Lithologically, the Lower Vindkyans of Bundlekund have some 
resemblance to the Gwaliors, particularly to the silicious shales of the middle range of our 
area, but the ribboned jaspers, so characteristic of the Gwalior series, are entirely absent. 
It is highly improbable that the Lower Vindkyans and the Gwaliors are synchronous 
deposits, for no unconformity beyond overlap has been detected between the Upper and Lower 
Vindkyans in Bundlekund. and yet the lowest member of the Upper Vindhyaus, the Kymore 
conglomerate, is composed largely of pebbles of red jasper, almost certainly derived from 
the Gwalior series. Again, in the Sone valley, a considerable thickness of ribboned jasper 
occurs, identical in appearance with the jasper of the Gwaliors, and which series it probably 
there represents. The Lower Yindhyans rest unconformably upon these jasper beds. 
Bijawars. —The Bijawar series and the Gwalior have many points in common; but still 
the characteristic jasper beds of the latter are not represented in the former. The relation 
of these two series to each other has therefore yet to he determined. 
Late kite. 
There are two patches of laterite in our area; one at Raipo or hill, of which it forms 
the peak, the highest ground of the district; the second occurs on the Kymore sandstone, 
about two miles to the north-west. Both these patches are small in extent and arc about 
60 feet in thickness. The buds composing these hills are exactly similar to each other, and to 
the great spread of laterite of Central India—purple clay with bands ol brown hematite 
at base, capped by the hard porous roek-laterite.- -and no doubt, these two hills are outliers 
of the Central India spread, which has been traced as far as Sipri, about 60 miles south of 
the Raipoor hill. 
Economic Geology. 
Upper Vindkyans. —Mr. Mallet has already described the resources of the Vindhyaus 
in bis report on them ; in this district the sandstone, both of the Kymore and Lower Rewah, 
is largely quarried for building stone. The new barracks on the top of the Gwalior Port 
hill are built of the Kymore sandstone, quarried from the top of the bill. 
Iron. — The principal production of the Gwalior series is iron. Formerly, tlm work¬ 
ings for iron were far more extensive than npw, judging from the large excavations to 
he met with. The peak of Par MU is completely burrowed by the old workings and a large 
portion of the bill removed. Similar extensive excavations occur at Mangov and other 
places. The reason that the workings are not so extensive now as formerly is, not., that the 
iron is exhausted, but that the wood to smelt it is used up ; all the hills for many miles round 
If walior being almost entirely bare of any tree or jungle, the ore h;*> now to be taken a long 
distance to the furnaces. 
