ss 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vol. UI. 
cracks parallel to the layers of the containing rock ; and the formation of these cracks was 
probably contemporaneous with the upraising of the schists. Following the structure of 
the containing rock, the deposit was originally variously irregular; and this condition was 
aggravated by the intrusion of the diorite. 
8. Several outcrops. —Proceeding from north to south there frequently appear two 
or even three consecutive runs of copper ore; it would thus seem, partly that one and the 
same band was brought several times to the surface by upheavals, partly that a system of 
parallel deposits truly exists. At all events we can recognise at several places two parallel 
ridges, or lines of outcrop, sometimes miles apart, sometimes coming so close that they 
almost commingle. Going from west to east we find, quite to the west, near the Lopso hills, 
two runs of ore scarcely ten minutes from each other ; a third more northern locality seems 
only due to a local disturbance. These two runs separate to eastward, being several miles apart 
at Khursowa, until they appear to come together again in the Akarsuni hill. From there to 
Tamba-dimgri (copper hill) the deposit is buried beneath the deep soil of the plains. At 
Tamba-dungri one run appears which can be traced over Jamjura, then bending southward to 
Landu, and then again northwards to the summit of the conical hill Chundru. A little north 
from Jamjura a second band shows, which runs northwards from Landu to C'hundra, at the 
summit of which these two runs are scarcely two fathoms apart. From here the two separate 
again, one goes south to Matku in the plain, where it is concealed; one to Hitku, Lanka, 
etc,, in the north flanks of the Rangi hills. Here there is a break of several miles where I 
was not fortunate enough to find the ore : finally it appears again at Racka and proceeds 
then in a long line following the north hill-flank. Between Bindrabun and Sideshor the 
st rike alters, from east-37°-south to east-60°-$outh; also the intruding diorites disturb the 
rocks much, and with them the deposit. In their further course eastward the hills trend rather 
back, and the deposit gets gradually into the plains. At Pathur-ghora, we find again two 
lodes, probably, however, only the broken parts of one and the same main lode which unite 
at Bairagurha. From here all goes straight, except once at Karapathur there is a disturb¬ 
ance ; the contorted and crushed strata are confused and the rock almost altered into gneiss. 
These schists are stuck up to north by a south to north upheaval, and twisted round the 
Karapathur, till at last all becomes normal again. 
9. Varieties of the ore and gangue. —As for the ores themselves :—when removed from 
the influence of the atmosphere the iron ores are, mostly magnetic iron, less often pyrites : the 
copper ore, too, is seldom pyrites, mostly glance-copper and red copper ore; either ore indeed is 
seldom pure, but mostly the two in intimate variable mixture, so they almost form a peculiar 
ore of blue-red colour, soft, and with red streak. According to several analyses (among 
others by Frcsenius and Roth of Heidelberg) the proportion of sulphur varies from 9 and 
more per cent, to complete absence; and also the total of copper from 42 to 64 per cent.; 
the ore is always contaminated with iron, from 5 to 12 per cent. It seems that when sulphur 
is quite absent, glance-copper is also wanting and the red-copper is not pure but mixed with 
black-copper; also in many places black copper occurs in strings and disseminated, and is used 
by the native beauties as a black dye for the teeth. Beautiful rosettes of red-copper appear 
detached, no doubt the result of decomposition. In the upper levels the saline ores occur as 
the result of alteration, malachite, less often azurite, and brown spar. The whole gangue 
and ore are often so decomposed (hat these products are formed to a dc-pth of 15 fathoms. 
As a ternary product of decomposition, on the heaps and scattered, I may mention 
chrysocolla, iibethenite, and chalcophyllite. 
I must again notice the intense atmospheric action ; often at the depth of 30 running 
fathoms the decomposition had not ended ; the earthy quartzite-schist had become decomposed 
and penetrated with malachite and brown iron ore. 
Malachite, in solid masses, compact and earthy, seldom fibrous; in the upper levels the 
only ore, where it occurs in film and fragments, or mixed with brown haematite, impregnat¬ 
ing the whole gangue, which then contains from 2 to 8 per cent, of copper. It occurs besides 
as infiltrations in cracks and slender clefts where a rich deposit ends or begins. It is always 
more or less mixed with silicious earth and ochre ; the purest pieces give— 
Oxide of copper 
Iron oxide ... 
Water 
Carbonic acid 
Alumina 
Insoluble ... 
6*20 
8-87 
lo'15 
•S3 
I5'95 
99'73 
