"Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vol. hi. 
92 
whole vein, 3 feet thick, enclosing angular pieces of quartz; and also occurred in large 
elliptical nodules several feet in diameter lying in a gangue of silicious slate, in such 
numbers that a fine roof-face could be worked ; at 25 fathoms alongthe drift, the lode split, one 
branch going southwards soon became barren, while the northern one yielded fine ore. In a 
northern trial-drift from here another vein was cut more or less rich in ore, and still further 
eastward three others. Down from this drift a small hading shaft was sunk; and. here, 
at 28| fathoms the ore began to decrease, and died out altogether. So far the underlie was 
35° , In-re it rose to 60° or 70° ; the thickness of the lode decreasing to a few inches ; below 
this trouble it became flatter again and traces of ore re-appeared, till at 32 fathoms this too 
disappeared with a now trouble. It was in this state of affairs that, the hand pumps could no 
longer keep under the water of the rainy season, and the progress discontinued at 12 fathoms 
vertical from the level of the valley. 
Pour miles to the west, at Jamjura, under the alluvium of the plain, a very rich ore was 
cut, occurring in a very similar manner to that at Landu. At 18 fathoms the ore was still 
good. In a westerly 'direction it was less rich, hut continued to eastward. In a trouble of 
this vein the carbonaceous mineral was found; not only in quartz, but in solid malachite. 
Here, too, was found the native copper, reduced from malachite by the action ot this carbon. 
A third important locality was No. 6 of Landu, in the south lode; chlorite-schist and 
sandy mica-schist contain grains and nodules of quartz, often coated with talc; these are 
sometimes several feet in diameter. In and around these generally flattened lumps, partly 
following the layers of the schist, partly, too, itself forming kernels, or surrounding fragments 
of quartz, comes the ore in threads, from the thickness of a knife to several inches, thus 
uninterruptedly arranged in nuts and lumps, and in this manner forming the lode, 18 to 21 
inches wide. These conditions obtained to 1(1 running fathoms, then the ore ceased, and at 
my departure the work was in barren rock. In the upper part the ore was all malachite, hut 
in' the hard undeeomposed masses there was a mixture of red and black copper with glance- 
copper. The ore was besides always very rich in iron. At about 80 fathoms to the east, in a 
small trial pit, the lode was almost entirely made up of coarsely granular crystalline 
magnetic iron. 
At Hitlcu in the northern, and Matku in the southern, lode there occurred quartzose, 
porphyry-like gangue; and the ore predominated as nodules of oxides, with glance-copper. 
In neither place was it worth working, appearing to cease in depth. 
At Banka a clear-ringing, columnar, fissured quartzite is penetrated in every direction 
by thin strings of ore, black, with glance-copper. Sometimes if is scattered through the quart¬ 
zite, giving it. a porphyritic aspect; the quartz being then altered, dull, fragile as if burnt. 
Low down there appeared an agglomeration of quartzose talc-schist and nearly massive talc, 
where the lode stopped out suddenly. 
According to the results at Landu, the cubic fathom of 96 to 150 ewts. of raw ore gave 
an average of (i per cent, of copper; and the cost of extraction of the same, including 
haulage, amounted to Its. 22 to 23 per 100 cwts. of raw ore. 
The preparation by hand-picking must he regulated according to the proportion of 
saline ores; here the average of 100 cwts. of raw ore was— 
3 ewts. of rich picked ore of ... ... ... 20 to 35 per cent, copper. 
60 .. average ore of ... ... ... ... 8 „ ft „ „ 
13 „ duel ore cl’ ... ... ... ... 0 „ 5 „ „ 
21 ,, rabble and poor ore of . .. ... ... J„ li „ „ 
All the poor ore was considered as rubble for crushing. In the best rubble there occurred 
but 8 to 10 per cent., very seldom 20 per cent. 
13. Labour .—Most of the coolies were Dhangha Kols. On the whole, they proved them¬ 
selves very intelligent aud skillful ; 011 an average more so than our European workmen ; only 
they are weaker; hut, whether mentally or bodily, they are very slothful, so that they require 
constant watching. The daily wage of a workman is 1, to (5 pice ; with which they receive the 
powder and tools supplied ; yet job-work was only undertaken by experienced workmen. The 
,r anff at one face could not amount to less than four to six men. 11 was impossible to get the 
people, to work uninterruptedly, so that a face H fathoms high thus worked only advanced 
0-8 of a fathom monthly. 
11. Prospects .—Since 1862 great endeavours have been made in London to get up a 
limited company with .-£120,000 capita 1 to work the Singhbhum mines. The original company 
