PART 1.] 
Blanford: Sandstones of the Godavari valley. 
25 
From near Paluncha the boundary turns to the northward, and a belt of sandstones, 
6 or 7 miles broad west of Palunclia, connects the tract 
Sandstones north-west of Paluncha. to ^ gonthwald towards EUore and 
Ragamahendrf with that which extends to the Godavari near Managur, and thence occupies 
a large area to the north-west and west. The country was merely traversed rapidly 
and the boundaries very roughly sketched in. All the sandstone seen as far as Alapali 
and Markod is similar to that near Palunclia, and the same is found from Marked for 
fourteen miles in a direct line eastward to Buga. From a high hill two or three miles 
west of Markod, all the hills in the wild jungly country, for at least ten or twelve miles west 
and south-west, were seen to he evidently of sandstone ; beyond that distance are ranges, the 
outline of which is less definite, hut they are tolerably flat topped and of no great height. 
For several miles north and north-west of Markod similar sandstone ranges appear. (Markod 
is north of the Atlas Sheet 94). 
Coal has been found in fragments in the Ivinarswami stream near Alapali, and comes 
from the hills to the north-west (see Records, 1871, p. 82). 
Two or three miles from Ragiindla north-west of Paluncha, on the road to Kunaram, chip- 
Chipped quartzite implements near ped implements of the Abbeville type were found in such 
Ragdndla. abundance that 40 were picked up in a quarter of an hour 
within an area 50 yards square. The spot is in jungle and cut up by small ravines. Many 
of the implements are of white quartz. Besides those collected, nearly as many more must 
have been discarded as ill made and imperfect, so that the locality was probably a place ol 
manufacture. 
The south boundary of the sandstone area, running west-north-west from Ghanbpet, was 
only crossed m one spot near Ivarkonda. The hills near 
Boundary near Gluribpet. Qharibpet consist to the west of garnet and kyanite 
schist,* the last named mineral occurring in unusual abundance and frequently of good 
colour. The eastern portion of the same little group of hills is composed of sandstone and 
grit of the usual character. 
South of this the boundary can only be traced at intervals, much of the country being 
covered with thick sandy soil. The metamorphic rocks, which consist largely of a compact 
hornblendic gneiss, approaching diorite, are more frequently exposed at the surface than the 
sandstones; the latter are rarely seen except in the hills, which are dotted over the country, 
and which consist of felspathic'grit often conglomeratic. Farther east, within the sandstone 
area, there is the same paucity of sections; a few fragments of ferruginous grit occur here and 
there, or quartz pebbles scattered over the surface indicate the existence of conglomerate, hut 
sections are exceedingly rare. In all the grits fragments of clay occasionally occur. 
The hill east of Unaparedipali is of the usual coarse felspathic sandstone, with bands 
of ferruginous grit (the Kamthi iron bands) and compact red 
Hills near Uniparedipali. shale . S o me pink and lilac shale also occurs. Here again the 
rocks have a strongly marked Kamtbi character. The general dip of the hills around this 
appears to be very low, not more than 2° or 3° to the eastward. About four miles south ol 
Pentium, on the road to Kistnavaram, in a nulla, a great thickness of the red purple and 
yellow compact shale is seen, dipping east or east-north-east. 
At the western end of the tank at Krishnavaram is some very calcareous rock-, apparently 
a schist strongly impregnated with carbonate of lime. This 
must he just outside the sandstone boundary which probably 
Near Krishnavaram. 
* This rock was seen and described by Voysey.—J. A. S. 11, p. 399. 
