594 
N ifcteribiidae 
marising afresh before detailed conclusions are drawn. But some 
broad facts seem fairly established. As remarked by Speiser (1908, 
p. 423) the geographical headquarters of Nycteribiidae appear to be in 
the Old World, the lands bordering the Indian Ocean being particularly 
rich in species. By comparison, the family seems but poorly repre¬ 
sented in America. The Streblidae, on the other hand, are much better 
represented in the New World, while possessing also a second centre in 
certain of the lands adjacent to the Indian Ocean. 
Many Nycteribiidae have a very'wide geographical range, which, 
as previously remarked (Scott, 1913, p. 93), is not surprising in view 
of their hosts’ powers of distribution, and of the insects’ power of 
attaching themselves to several different species of hosts (see below). 
The paper just referred to shows that certain species known from many 
parts of Europe and from N. Africa have been found also in Formosa, 
and may occur across all the intervening part of the Palaearctic Region; 
while other forms are widely distributed in the Oriental Region. 
Eucampsipodia hyrtli is known from Egypt, West and South Africa, 
Comoro Islands, Burma, Ceylon and Sumatra. Tripselia fryeri (dis¬ 
cussed in this paper) was described from Assumption Island, to the 
North of Madagascar, and from Labuan; it has now been found in 
the Belgian Congo. 
Relation of paeasite to host, (i) A single species of Nycteribiid 
may infest several species of bats, (ii) Conversely, a single species of 
bat—even a single individual—may harbour several species of Nycteri¬ 
biidae. 
(i) Speiser’s enumeration of species (1901, pp. 49-56), and sub¬ 
sequent work, show that it is quite frequent for a single species of 
Nycteribiid to have several species of hosts. In such cases the hosts 
may be several bats of the same genus, or may represent two or more 
genera, or may even belong to more than one family, though the last 
condition is probably rare. There do appear, however, to be some 
broad restrictions, e.g. the same species of Nycteribiid is not usually 
found on both fruit-eating and insect-eating bats. Thus, the genus 
Cyclopodia {$. str.) seems to be confined to frugivorous forms (Ptero- 
pidae; cf. Speiser, 1907, p. 23), and I am not aware that the large 
Eastern species, such as C. sykesi and C. albertisi, have been found on 
any host but the big “flying-foxes” {Pteropus spp.). Other forms of 
Cyclopodia, which, as shown below, should be placed on account of 
structural characters in distinct subgenera, break this rule. Thus 
Cyclopodia roylei has been recorded from two genera and several species 
