Scott 
599 
stated by Rodhain and Bequaert, the puparia of Lipoptena and Melo- 
phagus adhere to the hairs of their hosts. 
As far as can be judged from several experiments, the first larvae 
of the Cyclopodia are born from 8 to 11 days after the emergence of 
the $ from the puparium, and succeeding births are separated only by 
intervals of 2-6 days. The conditions under which the bats are living 
at any particular time seem to affect the fecundity of the parasites. 
Immediately after birth the larva assumes a shape identical with 
that of the puparium. It is a soft, transparent, milky-white body, half 
ellipsoidal, with elliptic contour, with dorsal surface convex and ventral 
surface flat, the two surfaces separated by an angular margin. Although 
stuck to the substratum, it undergoes active internal movements in 
relation with the process of nymphosis. It seems to be born at a less 
advanced stage than the larvae of Hippobosca and Melophagus, which 
at birth are already much more like puparia. There are two pairs of 
spiracles only, both postero-dorsal in situation, one pair being about 
one-third the length of the body from the hind end, the other pair 
closer to the hind end. 
In transforming to a puparium, the hardening and darkening of the 
convex dorsal surface is completed in 20 to 30 minutes after birth. On 
the flattened ventral surface the process seems to be slower, and internal 
movements can be seen through this surface for more than 48 hours 
after birth. The puparium is shown in profile in Rodhain’s and 
Bequaert’s paper. Fig. 4, p. 258, with convex dorsal and flattened 
ventral surface and narrow explanate margin. The curved suture in 
the antero-dorsal part, along which the operculum is detached at the 
emergence of the imago, is more distinct than the divisions of the 
segments. 
[Here again Muir’s words (l.c.) regarding Eremoctenia progressa may 
be cited for comparison; “the chitinous exudation that covers the soft 
larval skin, to form the puparium, first appears along the edges of the 
flattened ventral surface and fastens it to its host, then covers the dorsal 
surface, but does not appear on the ventral side [apart from the edges], 
that side remaining a soft membrane through which, if carefully de¬ 
tached from the host, the pupa can be seen developing. The larval 
spiracles remain distinct and stand up above the surface. No anterior 
pupal spiracles or ‘horns’ appear, but the pupal thoracic tracheae are 
attached to two spots on the inner surface of the operculum, and can 
be faintly discerned externally. The operculum is large, the posterior 
edge curving across the dorsal surface near the middle, slightly in front 
