(r. H. F. Nuttai.l 
301 
the female. He asserts that the gonopods serve to hold the penis 
during copulation, but this appears to be merely an inaccurate assumption 
on his part, we have failed to discover their ability to grasp any part of 
the male genitaha. 
THE AUTHOR’S DESCRIPTION OF THE COPULATORY 
APPARATUS. 
The Male Apparatus. 
To obtain a clear conception of the mechanism of the parts, it is 
best to commence by giving a general description of the apparatus as 
it appears when fully extruded by the male in the act of copulation. 
When a pair in copula are separated forcibly by traction wdth two 
pairs of forceps w^hich hold their bodies, the extruded apparatus of the 
male appears to the naked eye as a large, pale, rounded mass protruding 
dorsally from the end of the abdomen. If the male is not molested, 
this mass is presently retracted into its body. 
To view the extruded apparatus at leisure, it is necessary to kill the 
male by a rapid method, either kilhng the male alone, immediately 
after its removal from the female, or together with the female with 
which it is in copula. For this purpose the insects are best killed by 
immersion in water heated to 70° C. whilst they are held with a pair of 
forceps. 
General description of the extruded apparatus. 
Assuming that a male has been killed immediately after its separation 
from the female in the manner described, the insect, or the isolated 
apparatus, may be conveniently studied whilst floating in water. Or, 
if permanent preparations are desired, the parts may be (1) treated in 
the usual way with caustic potash and subsequently mounted in balsam, 
or (2) immediately fixed in Camoy’s solution and stained in toto, or 
(3) sectioned. 
Chitinous structures: We shall confine our attention in the first 
instance to the chitinous structures. In a freshly killed male, view'ed 
from behind whilst in water (Text'-fig. 1), the apparatus is seen to consist 
of a thin-walled globular sack (F. 'pen.) supported upon a stem (F. pen. 
S.) issuing from between two darkly chitinized rods {DU.) which are 
pointed backward and downward; these structures articulate upon 
what appear to be two dark rods {B. P.) which protrude from the last 
abdominal segment. The greater part of the sack, which measures 
20—2 
