“10 
for apples of good quality increased and numerous 
plantings were made. The period from 1880 t ® 1800 
witnessed a rapid development of the apple industry 
in California at a time when the famous Wenatchee and 
Yakima Valleys in Washington were in their infancy. 
The Pajaro Valley differs from most other regions in 
the northwest in its climatic conditions. The rain¬ 
fall here is sufficient to grow large yields without 
resorting to irrigation. Even today California is 
the second state in importance among the western 
states. The Yellow Newtown and Yellow Bellflower are 
the leading varieties, the former entering largely in¬ 
to the export trade, and the latter offered on the 
home markets. 
Standardization in package, methods of handling, 
and cooperation in marketing their product, have not 
in California 
made as rapid progress/as in the northwest. A large 
percentage of the growers sell the fruit on the trees 
for a lump sum to Slavonian packers, who care for the 
orchard, do the spraying, thinning, and finally the 
harvesting of the crops. By thus assuming the grow¬ 
ers risk these small packers quite naturally require 
a safe margin in making their contracts. This system 
cannot give the same return to the owner as would ac¬ 
crue if he performed these operations and combined 
with other growers in packing and marketing the fruit 
co-operatively. 
Commercial apple growing in the State of W-ash- 
