30 
as also in Lombardy and the Adriatic Provinces of Northern 
Italy, from a very early period. At the beginning of the 
present century they were made with great success in the valley 
of the Thames near Waltham and Tottenham. 
But one of the most celebrated and best known was the one 
at Grenelle, situated south-west of Paris on the right bank of 
the Seine. This boring was undertaken at the strong recom¬ 
mendation and advice of Arago the distinguished Astronomer, 
based upon his knowledge of the Geological structure of the 
district. When he suggested it, the water supply of Paris was 
not equal to the demand. This well, commenced in 1833, was 
earned to the depth of 1806 ft. 9 in. through the whole of the 
Chalk into the lower Green Sands. The water-bearing stratum 
was reached February, 1841, the water rose to the height of 
122 ft., the quantity being 600 gallons per minute, temperature 
82° Fahr. On the opposite bank of the Seine at Passy, a well 
was bored by the Saxon Engineer, Kind, the total depth being 
about 1923 ft. and through the same strata with a diameter of 
2 ft. 4 in. at the bottom, the well continues to throw up a 
continuous stream at the rate of 5,582,000 gallons per day to a 
height of 54 ft., temperature 82° Fahr. In the United States 
there are several of these wells. At St. Louis, State of Missouri, 
an artesian well was carried down 3147 ft., but only brine was 
obtained, temperature 734° Fahr. But the deepest boring in the 
world is at Sperenberg, 25 miles South of Berlin in the Triassic 
series or New Eed Sandstone, for the purpose of obtaining 
Pock Salt, and was carried down to a depth of 5570 English 
feet. Salt began at 280 ft. The process of boring was by 
percussion borers worked by rods, the time occupied being 
about four years, and the total expenditure £8717 14s., or, 
£1 11s. 6d. per English foot: the first 1297| English feet were 
made by manual labour, for the remaining distance by means 
of a steam engine. At Bourne, in Lincolnshire, there is an 
artesian well 95 ft. deep, which yields over half-a-million 
gallons per day, the pressure being sufficient to force the water 
to the top of the houses; this boring is in the Oolitic strata, the 
average rate of increase of heat is 1 0 of Fahr. for every 40 to 
55 ft. in descent in those wells. 
