Crow et al.: Vertical distribution, diet, and reproduction of Zameus squamulosus 
213 
75 percentiles was in a range of 165-210 m (Zhu et 
al., 2012). This range is similar to the median depth 
of 248 m reported for the tuna longline fishery in the 
Hawaiian Islands (Bigelow et al., 2006). The CPUE for 
velvet dogfish in Hawaii likely would be slightly higher 
if only tuna longlines were considered. 
There is some evidence that bycatch of velvet dog¬ 
fish in commercial fisheries is increasing. Romanov et 
al. (2013) reported increased numbers of velvet dogfish 
caught in pelagic fisheries in the Indian Ocean since 
1989, but this species was not reported as bycatch in 
this fishery from 1961 to 1989. They suggested that in¬ 
creased abundance of velvet dogfish and other mid-size 
oceanic predators in pelagic fisheries may be related to 
broad ecological shifts in oceanic waters that have oc¬ 
curred over the past few decades. Polovina et al. (2009) 
suggested that recent increases in abundance of other 
mid-size mesopredators, including bramids (pomfrets) 
and gempylids (snake mackerels) in pelagic fisheries 
operating from Hawaii may be attributed to a reduc¬ 
tion in apex predators in this ecosystem. The increas¬ 
ing presence of velvet dogfish in the bycatch of pelagic 
fisheries may be a harbinger of a shift that will occur 
in these fisheries. The ecological position and popula¬ 
tion dynamics of mesopredators and their link to fish¬ 
eries are important considerations for the management 
of these species. 
Acknowledgments 
We thank the Observer Program of the NOAA Pacific 
Islands Regional Office and longline captains for col¬ 
lecting the specimens under Institutional Animal Care 
and Use Committee Southwest Pacific Islands proto¬ 
cols (IACUC SWPI 2015-2 and 14-1751-3) and provid¬ 
ing capture information. The NOAA Pacific Islands 
Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) provided freezer and 
laboratory space. M. Sundberg-Luers and A. Andrews 
(PIFSC) provided additional longline catch data and 
Figure 1. We thank A. Graham and E. Romanov for 
supplying personal records and collection data. 
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