Guidelines for authors 
217 
Equations and mathematical symbols should be set 
from a standard mathematical program (MathType or 
Equation Editor). Equations formatted in LaTex are 
not acceptable. For mathematical symbols in the gen¬ 
eral text (a, x 2 ; ft, ±, etc.), use the symbols provided by 
the MS Word program and italicize all variables, ex¬ 
cept those variables represented by Greek letters. Do 
not use photo mode when creating these symbols in the 
general text and do NOT CUT and PASTE equations, 
letters, or symbols from a different software program. 
Number equations (if there are more than 1) for fu¬ 
ture reference by scientists; place the number within 
parentheses at the end of the first line of the equation. 
Literature cited section comprises published works and 
those accepted for publication in peer-reviewed journals 
(in press). Follow the name and year system for cita¬ 
tion format in the “Literature cited” section (that is to 
say, citations should be listed alphabetically by the au¬ 
thors’ last names, and then by year if there is more 
than one citation with the same authorship. A list of 
abbreviations for citing journal names can be found at 
this website 
Authors are responsible for the accuracy and com¬ 
pleteness of all citations. Literature citation format: 
Author (last name, followed by first-name initials). Year. 
Title of article. Abbreviated title of the journal in which 
it was published. Always include number of pages. For 
a sequence of citations in the general text, list chrono¬ 
logically: (Smith, 1932: Green. 1947; Smith and Jones, 
1985). 
Acknowledgments should be no more than 6 lines of 
text. Only those who have contributed in an outstand¬ 
ing way should be acknowledged by name. For recog¬ 
nition of other persons or groups, use a general term, 
such as “crew,” “observers,” “research coordinators,” 
and do not include names with these terms. 
Digital object identifier (doi) code ensures that a pub¬ 
lication has a permanent location online. Doi code 
should be included at the end of citations of published 
literature. Authors are responsible for submitting ac¬ 
curate doi codes. Faulty codes will be deleted at the 
page-proof stage. 
Cite all software, special equipment, and chemical 
solutions used in the study within parentheses in the 
general text: e.g., SAS, vers. 6.03 (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, 
NO. 
Footnotes are used for all documents that have not 
been formally peer reviewed and for observations and 
personal communications. These types of references 
should be cited sparingly in manuscripts submitted to 
the journal. 
All reference documents, administrative reports, 
internal reports, progress reports, project reports, 
contract reports, personal observations, personal 
communications, unpublished data, manuscripts in re¬ 
view, and council meeting notes are footnoted in 9 pt 
font and placed at the bottom of the page on which they 
are first cited. Footnote format is the same as that for 
formal literature citations. A link to the online source 
(e.g., [http://www/. , accessed July 2007.]), or the 
mailing address of the agency or department holding 
the document, should be provided so that readers may 
obtain a copy of the document. 
Tables are often overused in scientific papers; it is sel¬ 
dom necessary to present all the data associated with a 
study. Tables should not be excessive in size and must 
be cited in numerical order in the text. Headings should 
be short but ample enough to allow the table to be in¬ 
telligible on its own. 
All abbreviations and unusual symbols must be ex¬ 
plained in the table legend. Other incidental comments 
may be footnoted with italic numeral footnote markers. 
Use asterisks only to indicate significance in statistical 
data. Do not type table legends on a separate page; 
place them above the table data. Do not submit tables 
in photo mode. 
• Note probability with a capital, italic P. 
• Provide a zero before all decimal points for values 
less than one (e.g., 0.07). 
• Round all values to 2 decimal points. 
• Use a comma in numbers of five digits or more (e.g., 
13,000 but 3000). 
Figures must be cited in numerical order in the text. 
Graphics should aid in the comprehension of the text, 
but they should be limited to presenting patterns rather 
than raw data. Figures should not exceed one figure for 
every four pages of text and must be labeled with the 
number of the figure. Place labels A, B, C, etc. within 
the upper left area of graphs and photos. Avoid placing 
labels vertically (except for the y axis). 
Figure legends should explain all symbols and abbre¬ 
viations seen in the figure and should be double-spaced 
on a separate page at the end of the manuscript. 
Line art and halftone figures should be saved at a 
resolution of >800 dpi (dots per inch) and >300 dpi, 
respectively. Color is allowed in figures to show mor¬ 
phological differences among species (i.e., for species 
identification), to show stain reactions, and to show 
gradations, such as those of temperature and salinity 
within maps. Color is discouraged in graphs. For the 
few instances where color is allowed, the use of color 
will be determined by the Managing Editor. Figures 
approved for color should be saved in CMYK format. 
All figures must be submitted as either PDF of EPS 
files. 
• Capitalize the first letter of the first word in all la¬ 
bels within figures. 
