12(3 
The Respirator]i System of Mallophaga 
Conclusions. 
The results of this study may be briefly summarised as follows: 
The tracheal system of Mallophaga is disposed in two main trunks, 
with stigmatic, dorsal, and ventral branches, with four narrow com¬ 
missures {neural commissures) in connection with the main nerve 
masses, and with, in primitive forms, a posterior abdominal commissure. 
The stigmata are typically fourteen in number, one pair prothoracic, 
and six pairs abdominal, usually dorsal, typically on segments 3-8. 
At least two types of occluding apparatus are present. 
In the structure and relations of the respiratory system the Mallo¬ 
phaga agree very closely with the Anoplura, and also, in a more general 
way, with the wingless Copeognatha. 
As the respiratory system is very uniform, such variations as do 
occur have some taxonomic importance, and have served to emphasise 
some divisions already made, and to establish new divisions. 
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