MR. YOUATT’S VETERINARY LECTURES. 2G5 
ance on his; and that the most judicious course you can pursue is. 
to persevere in mild forbearant usage. At least, such are the 
opinions founded upon my experience, and upon such information 
as I have, from time to time, been enabled to collect in conver¬ 
sation. Should any one have any useful hints to add to these 
observations, they will prove most acceptable t6 the writer. Q, 
MR. YOU ATI’S VETERINARY LECTURES. 
THE FRONTAL BONES OF CATTLE AND SHEEP. 
The horn is the principal weapon of offence belonging to the 
ox. To enable him to use it effectually, it is necessary that it 
should be firmly based on the head. It is to give sufficient and 
secure attachment to the horn that the frontal bones of the ox 
have that great development of surface and substance which we 
see in the specimens before us. 
The frontal bones in this animal reach from the nasals, to what 
we have called the occipital ridge or crest in the horse; but 
that crest is here formed by the union of the frontal and parietal 
bones, so that the parietals appear only at this ridge on the 
upper and fore part of the head, and deeply buried in the tem¬ 
poral fossoe, and the occipital bone is depressed far below the 
ridge, and has comparatively little volume. The w hole of the 
broad expanse of bone in this animal, from the nasal bones to 
the summit of the head, and farther and below this on each side, 
is occupied by the frontal bones. 
These immense bones, were they solid, would be most incon¬ 
veniently and fatiguingly heavy to the animal, and therefore w e 
find not only a separation of the plates, constituting the frontal 
sinuses which I have described in the horse, but extending from 
the place of the commencement of the frontal sinus in the horse 
to the summit of the head, and even below that through the 
parietal and the occipital bones to the foramen magnum. The 
horn is likewise cancellated, and the sinuses may be said to ex¬ 
tend almost to the tip of it. There is a strong and perfect sep¬ 
tum, as in the horse, betw een the sinuses on either side, and ex¬ 
tending* from the commencement of the sinus to the foramen mag¬ 
num. The other septa are imperfect, as in the horse, so that there 
is one continuous cavity or sinus, on either side from the inner 
angle of the eye to the great foramen, and the summit of the horn. 
All these connected cells are lined by a continuation of the 
Schneiderian membrane, and their extent accounts for the more 
serious character which nasal gleet, and other affections of this 
vol. iv. o o 
