VETERINARY SCHOOL AT TOULOUSE. 277 
pulations and considerations on which the ultimate success of 
the operation mainly depends. 
Then all this will be reduced as much as possible to practice. 
Some subject will be chosen. It will be placed before the 
pupils. The surgical anatomy of the part will again be demon¬ 
strated. The precise situation and extent of every muscle, li¬ 
gament, vessel, nerve, or tissue, will be described. The diffe¬ 
rent modes of conducting such an operation will be considered, 
with reference to the full success of it; the possibility of acci¬ 
dent, the saving cf pain : then the operation will be performed, 
with all its mani pulations, before the eyes of the pupils. By 
this means the knowledge of the parts and the knowledge of 
operations will be most easily acquired, and indelibly imprinted on 
the memory, and the practical application of every portion of 
study secured. 
As an auxiliary preparation for this, the dead animal, or a 
certain portion of it, is often placed before the pupil. He is re¬ 
quired to demonstrate the part to be operated on; to describe 
the usual mode of operation; the deviation from it suggested by 
peculiar circumstances; the object to be effected; the danger to 
be avoided; and then he is required to perform the operation; 
to go through all the preparatory and subsequent processes ; 
and, having been prepared by this, he will next be re¬ 
quired to operate on the living animal before his fellow pupils, 
and under the observation of the Professor ; and to give the pre¬ 
vious demonstration, and to trace the objects he means to ac¬ 
complish in the different steps of the operation. 
In the lectures, and as much as possible in the operations, a 
regular order is preserved, of which the following is an abstract. 
Punctures for the evacuation of fluids contained in natural or 
artificial cavities, as in anasarca, phlegmonous tumours, paracen¬ 
tesis, puncture of the rumen, &c.; or to effect some other purpose, 
as inoculation for various diseases, acupuncturation, &c. 
Incisions. Bleedings, scarifications, divisions of parts; the pre¬ 
paratory processes in every serious operation; nicking, &c. 
Excisions . Amputation, docking', neurotomy, castration, re¬ 
moval of soft or hard tumours; the greater number of operations 
on the feet; cropping. 
