652 
ON GLANDERS. 
Of Nasal Phthisis in the Horse ( Glanders ). 
This disease is the result of the growth of morbid produce 
lions, known by the names of schirrus, encephaloids, and some¬ 
times tubercles, &c., in the substance of the membrane that 
lines the nasal cavity. This affection develops itself exceed¬ 
ingly slowly, and often remains hidden for a considerable time 
from the eyes of the observer: it is not always that, until the 
time of the softening of the cancerous productions, and of the 
development of the inflammation that determines the ulceration 
and the destruction of the parts primitively altered and of the 
tissues which cover or border on them, that its existence can be 
affirmed during the life of the animal. 
On examining the dead body, it is observed that the mucous 
coat of the nasal cavities is tumefied and ulcerated. The ulcera¬ 
tions are often surrounded by a red areola or circle, more or less 
marked ; their figure and extent vary considerably. Sometimes 
their depth is confined to a superficial abrasion in the membrane 
( erosion), sometimes the ulcer penetrates through the whole 
thickness of the membrane, and even erodes the bone or car¬ 
tilage underneath. They may exist at the inferior extremity, or 
about the middle region of the nostrils, on the median partition, 
or on the wings of the nose. They are often situated about the 
ethmoid, on the turbinated bones, or in their convolutions. A 
viscid, yellow, green, or brown fluid covers them. There are 
frequently found here and there some schirrous points not yet 
softened, and at other times tubercles , some of them in a soft 
state, and others in a concrete one. We remark very often 
patches of an opaque white, sunken, irregular, and, as it were, 
cut out, and having diverging striae. The turbinated bones and 
the sinuses occasionally contain an homogenous caseous sub¬ 
stance. The nasal phthisis is frequently concomitant with pul¬ 
monary phthisis. 
A naturally weak constitution, debility from some previous 
affection, or bad keep, or hard work, great natural irritability, 
hotness at work, over fatigue, unwholesome food, or food given 
in too small a quantity, damp stables, or not sufficiently venti¬ 
lated, cold, damp weather, want of attention to cleanliness; 
these are some of the predisposing causes, and often the proxi¬ 
mate ones of inflammation, more or less frequent, acute or 
apparent, of the nasal membrane; and which, by their conti¬ 
nuance give origin to morbid productions, the ulceration of which 
ought to be considered as the pathognomonic sign of that which 
is known under the name of glanders. 
The diagnostic symptoms of this affection are frequently re- 
