MR. YOUATT'S VETERINARY LECTURES. 
677 
and the membrane lining it in a high state of discoloration, 
almost approaching to a black ; the bronchial tubes are full 
of lymph, the abdominal viscera quite healthy, but in a few in¬ 
stances the kidneys have borne slight marks of disease. 
MR. YOUATT’S VETERINARY LECTURES, 
DELIVERED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. 
The Nasal Bones in Cattle , Sheep, Swine, and Dogs—Fracture 
of the Nasal Bones. 
From the great development of the frontal bones in cattle, in 
order to form a base for the horn sufficiently strong, all the bones 
of the face, and the superior ones of the cranium, are considerably 
diminished in size, and more or less displaced. The nasal bones 
in the ox are connected, as in the horse, with each other, and with 
the frontals, the lachrymals, and the superior and anterior maxil- 
laries; but the mode of connexion is different, and the form of the 
bones is very dissimilar. Comparing the faces of the two animals 
together, the nasals are scarcely one-third so large as in the 
horse. Instead of their expanse above, connected with the frontal 
superiorly and posteriorly, and with the lachrymal laterally and 
inferiorly, and reaching as high as, or a little above the tubercle 
of the lachrymal bone at the inner canthus of the eye, they are 
pushed down below the orbit by the protrusion of the frontal on 
either side between them and the lachrymals, and their superior 
and expanded curve receiving between them a process of the fron¬ 
tals, is changed for an insignificant process contained between the 
lower curvatures of the frontals : therefore the strangely intricate 
mortised connexion between the frontals and the nasals is not 
found in cattle. The smaller development of this portion of the 
nasal bones does not require it; and they are not so much in the 
way of danger, for a blow aimed at the head of the ox by the 
biped or the quadruped would usually fall higher. 
At the centre of the connexion of the upper point of the nasals 
with the frontals the union is strong: a prolongation of the nasal 
is received between the laminae of the frontal on either side, but 
immediately below this the nasal is little more than in juxtapo¬ 
sition with the other bones, or, at most, there is only a cartilaginous 
attachment; indeed there are some places, and particularly the 
triangular space between the frontals and the superior maxillaries, 
where there can be scarcely said to be even a cartilaginous attach¬ 
ment. Strength is not required, and therefore is not given. 
The nasal bone of the ox, contrary to that of the horse, enlarges 
VOL. IV. . 4 z 
