FRACTURE OF THE NASAL RONES. 
683 
and of all carnivorous animals, terminates by a somewhat circu¬ 
lar opening, running more or less into the form of an ellipse. 
This bony aperture varies in size in different dogs, and, as we 
should expect from what we have seen of adaptation of structure 
to the situation and wants of the auimal, is largest in those on 
whom we most depend for speed and stoutness. 
Of birds, and they will sometimes be our patients, I will only 
say, that the bone of the upper mandible represents the superior 
and anterior maxillaries, the palatine and nasal bones and in 
some cases, as in the specimen before us (the head of a turkey), 
sutures may be observed pursuing their course almost as regularly 
as those which divide the corresponding bones in the mammalia. 
The openings into the nose are found, however, n6t at the extre¬ 
mity of this bone, but in different situations, according to the 
species, on the superior surface of the mandible. 
Fracture of the nasal bones of the horse will sometimes occur 
from falling, or a kick from their companions, or the brutality of 
their attendant. It is generally accompanied by laceration of the 
pituitary membrane, and haemorrhage. The haemorrhage may 
usually be arrested by the application of cold water. In sponta¬ 
neous haemorrhage this does not often succeed; but here we know 
precisely the spot whence the bleeding proceeds, and at which 
the cold is to be applied. 
The fractured portion of bone is usually depressed, and, the 
calibre of the little open space which the aethmoid and turbinated 
bones leave in the nostril being diminished, difficulty of respira¬ 
tion occurs. I had once a case of fracture of both nasals. 1 was 
enabled to elevate the depressed parts; but there was so much 
inflammation and swelling that the animal was threatened with 
suffocation, and the operation of tracheotomy was resorted to. 
You will consider the situation of the fracture. If it be on the 
crown of the arch, and but a little removed from the suture be¬ 
tween the nasals, it is over the direction of the superior meatus, 
and, by means of an elevator , or curved rod of steel, cautiously 
introduced into the meatus, the depressed portions may be raised. 
The tuberculous termination, or appendix of the superior turbi¬ 
nated bone, may be seen if the nostrils are lifted, and a little 
above it, the entrance of the meatus may be reached, and which 
may be traced through its whole extent by pursuing a direction 
close to the roof of the nose, parallel with the septum, and a 
quarter of an inch from it. If the depressed portions cannot be 
thus raised, the trephine must be applied a little above or below 
the fracture, and the elevator introduced through the aperture. 
II the fracture be in any other part of the bone, it will be im- 
