wide and diversified a range of territory; for 
in one place it is found in high mountains, 
in another in a dry desert, in another in low- 
lying marshes or wet and dense forests. 
In East Africa the old bulls are usually 
found singly or in small parties by them¬ 
selves. These have the biggest tusks; the 
bulls in the prime of life, the herd bulls or 
breeding bulls, which keep in herds with 
the cows and calves, usually have smaller 
ivory. Sometimes, however, very old but 
vigorous bulls are found with the cows; and 
I am inclined to think that the ordinary 
herd bulls at times also keep by themselves, 
or at least in company with only a few cows, 
for at certain seasons, generally immediately 
after the rains, cows, most of them with 
calves, appear in great numbers at certain 
places, where only a few bulls are ever 
found. Where undisturbed elephant rest, 
and wander about at all times of the day 
and night, and feed without much regard 
656 
to fixed hours, morning or evening, noon or 
midnight, the herd may be on the move, or 
its members may be resting; but during the 
hot noon they rarely or never feed, and or¬ 
dinarily stand almost still, resting—for ele¬ 
phant almost never lie down unless sick. 
Where they are afraid of man, their only 
enemy, they come out to feed in thinly 
forested plains, or cultivated fields, when 
they do so at all, only at night, and before 
daybreak move back into the forest to rest. 
Where we were, on Kenia, the elephants 
sometimes moved down at night to feed in 
the shambas, at the expense of the crops of 
the natives, and sometimes stayed in the for¬ 
est, feeding by day or night on the branches 
they tore off the trees, or, occasionally, on 
the roots they grubbed up with their tusks. 
They work vast havoc among the young or 
small growth of a forest, and the readiness 
with which they uproot, overturn, or break 
off medium-sized trees conveys a striking 
