6 
Physical Types of the Inhabitants —(continued). 
Photographic Portraits. 
Facial characteristics are conveniently recorded by means of photo¬ 
graphs, taken in the three ways explained below. Amateurs in photo¬ 
graphy are now so numerous that it is hoped the desired materials may 
be abundantly supplied. At least twelve more or less beardless male 
adults and twelve female adults should be photographed. It will add 
much to the value of the portrait if these same persons have also been 
measured. The photographs should be mounted on cards, each card 
bearing the name of the district, and a letter or number to distinguish the 
individual portraits ; the cards to be secured together by a thread passing 
loosely through a hole in each of their upper left-hand corners. Three 
sorts of portrait are wanted, as follows :— 
(a) A few portraits of such persons as may, in the opinion of the 
person who sends them, best convey the peculiar characteristics of the 
race. These may be taken in whatever aspect shall best display those 
characteristics, and should be accompanied by a note directing attention 
to them. 
(b) At least twelve portraits of the left side of the face of as many 
different adults of the same sex. These must show in each case the exact 
profile, and the hair should be so arranged as fully to show the ear. All 
the persons should occupy in turn the same chair (with movable blocks 
on the seat, to raise the sitters’ heads to a uniform height), the camera 
being fixed throughout in the same place. The portraits to be on such a 
scale that the distance between the top of the head and the bottom of 
the chin shall in no case be less than 1^ inch. Smaller portraits can 
hardly be utilised in any way. If the incidence of the light be not the 
same in all cases they cannot be used to make composite portraits. By 
attending to the following hints the successive sitters may be made to 
occupy so nearly the same position that the camera need hardly be re¬ 
focussed. In regulating the height of the head it is tedious and clumsy 
to arrange the proper blocks on the seat by trial. The simpler plan is to 
make the sitter first take his place on a separate seat with its back to the 
wall, having previously marked on the wall, at heights corresponding to 
those of the various heights of head, the numbers of the blocks that 
should be used in each case. The appropriate number for the sitter is 
noted, and the proper blocks are placed on the chair with the assurance 
that what was wanted has been correctly done. The distance of the 
sitter from the camera can be adjusted with much precision by fixing a 
looking-glass in the wall (say five feet from his chair), so that he can see 
the reflection of his face in it. The backward or forward position of the 
sitter is easily controlled by the operator, if he looks at the sitter’s head 
over the middle of the camera, against a mark on the wall beyond. It 
would be a considerable aid in making measurements of the features of 
the portrait, and preventing the possibility of mistaking the district of 
which the sitter is a representative, if a board be fixed above his head in 
the plane of his profile, on which a scale of inches is very legibly marked, 
and the name of the district written. This board should be so placed as 
just to fall within the photographic plate. The background should be of 
a medium tint (say a sheet of light brown paper pinned against the wall 
