6 
DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION. 
centuries—with Saxon and Dane, for York and for Yorkshire. You 
will not forget Harold’s victory at Stamford Bridge, so soon to be 
blighted by his defeat and death on the slopes of Senlac. Fire and 
sword ravaged city and shire for some years to come, and from 
these calamities its recovery was slow ; but to detail the events 
which both have witnessed from the beginning of the eleventh to 
the middle of the seventeenth century would be, as it has been well 
said, to write the history, not only of Northern England but also, 
in a great degree, of the whole Kingdom. 
One or two events stand out conspicuously from the rest. That 
frightful outbreak of Anti-Semitism, the memories of which still 
linger about your castle ; the marriages of Kings in your Minster; 
the useless rising against Henry IV., so fatal to your Archbishop . 
the wars of the Roses, which gave for a season that grim ornament 
to Micklegate Bar ; the desperate strife on Marston Moor, when 
the troopers of Prince Rupert became as stubble to the swords of 
Cromwell’s brigade and the royalist cause in the North perished 
at a blow. With that struggle and the Restoration a more peace¬ 
ful era began ; the sound of war was heard no more in the gates 
of York, and its citizens prospered quietly, if uneventfully, till the 
construction of railways inaugurated an era of more rapid increase. 
But all around us are the visible signs, no less than the mental 
pictures of these eighteen centuries. In the multangular tower 
with the adjacent wall, and under Booth am Bar, to mention only 
places in our vicinity, we may see the courses of stone, laid by 
Roman masons. Your Minster, as I have said, carries our memories 
back to the baptism of Edwin, nearly thirteen centuries ago. Those 
mouldering fragments of wall, half hidden in its crypt very probably 
are records of his later days and the first permanent church erected 
on that site. Though the basilica of Archbishop Albert seems to 
have disappeared, that crypt also preserves the work of Thomas 
of Bayeux, the first Norman Archbishop, and of Roger, Becket s 
opponent, about a century later. The earlier half of the thirteenth 
century saw the building of your transepts ; nave and chapter- 
house were begun towards its end, the former not being completed 
till near the middle of the fourteenth. The choir was rebuilt before 
that closed, and the towers rose during the next one. Since the 
re-consecration of the cathedral in 1472, notwithstanding the 
destruction of so much of its ancient woodwork in the two disas¬ 
trous fires of the last century, ii has lowered above your city", a 
chronicle graven in stone, “ worthy to be noted (to quote fiEneas 
