Through Ruanda to Lake Kiwu 45 
Ruanda. Two small properties, Kagera, on the Mashiga, and 
Bergfrieden, at the southern end of Lake Kiwu, bear witness to 
his enthusiasm for this strip of territory. With his name that 
of Captain Grawert may well and worthily be mentioned, the 
latter having represented the Residency for ten years, until the 
separation of Urundi and Ruanda made a new administration 
necessary. Grawert filled his difficult post with diplomatic 
adroitness and great circumspection, and he had a masterly way 
of bringing the natives—who at first were somewhat refractory— 
under the control of the German Government. 
Ruanda is doubtless, with the exception of Urandi, the last 
Sultanate or “ Kingdom ” in Central Africa which is governed 
to-day, as in centuries gone by, by a prince clothed with absolute 
and illimitable powers. There is only one ruler, and no rival 
sultans are allowed. 
The administration in Ruanda differs in many important 
respects from that of the Bukoba province. It has been seen 
that in Bukoba there are a large number of sultans who enjoy, 
more or less, equal rights and privileges. The greatest possible 
centralisation is aimed at, for it is naturally easier to control and 
keep in hand the fewer number of sultans (known in the Bukoba 
province as “ Mukama ” [prince]); the Resident stationed there 
has consequently made it his object gradually to decrease their 
number, either by breaking the succession or by compounding 
with them. The existing sultans bow willingly to the supremacy 
of the Government, and even upon trifling matters often ask for 
a ruling from the Resident. All the personal concerns of the 
sultans pass through his hands. The administration of justice 
in ordinary matters is in the hands of the sultans, but sentences 
of death and other heavy penalties are inflicted by the Resident, 
who at the same time has the power to intervene in smaller 
matters. 
There are many interesting points of difference between 
Ruanda and Urundi, but at present we shall deal only with the 
former province. There, nearly a century after the foundation 
of Bukoba, many far more thickly populated and less explored 
