Through Ruanda to Lake Kiwu 
49 
ling, the avenging of blood has usually to be carried out by 
secret murder. In those districts, however, where the clans live 
apart with their chieftain, it often assumes the character of a 
war. From Czekanowski’s investigations it would appear that 
a certain number of clans unite together and form a tribal race 
possessing one common name and characterised by one common 
language, in which, however, the feeling of a general community 
of interests is exhibited in very varying degree. Thus, for 
instance, whilst Czekanowski later on found this feeling to exist 
very strongly amongst the Azande, other races, such as the 
Bakumu-Babira, were hardly sensible of their bonds of union. 
Czekanowski affirms that the number of clans of which a race 
is composed varies from twelve (like the Bakondjo) to seventy 
(as amongst the Banjoro, who are nearly related to the Wan- 
jaruanda). 
As already mentioned, every clan reveres a totem, which in 
Kinjoro is called umuzhnu. Should the totem take the form 
of an animal, it is forbidden to kill or to eat such animals. 
This interdiction is called umuziru. It is closely connected with 
the widespread belief of transmigration of souls, for their creed 
teaches that the spirits of departed relatives enter the body of 
their object of adoration. The uncertainty obtaining as to which 
special totem the spirit of the deceased has entered makes it 
appear more prudent to the natives to abstain from slaying or 
eating any animals revered as totems. And doubtless this con¬ 
sideration gave rise to the prohibition. 
In Ruanda the souls of the deceased rulers are believed to 
dwell in the leopard and to continue to torment their people 
in that shape. 
The following are a few clans of the Wanjaruanda, with their 
totems; 
The most widely distributed and most feared of the clans is 
that of the Bega; they have taken the toad as their umuzhnu. 
Another, the Wanjiginga, reveres the crested crane ; the Bagessera 
worship the wagtail, or dish-washer. Farther away there is the 
clan of the Wankono, whose totems, I understand, are sheep and 
H 
