Results of the Expedition 279 
valuable material was gained for the observation and diffusion 
of ferruginous conglomerates, which up till then had been 
erroneously termed bog-iron~ore. Bornhardt in his fundamental 
work on the surface configuration and the geology of German 
East Africa had already suggested that this mineral species 
is by no means identical with our swamp-ore, but he wrongly 
connected its origin with the underground water. Time was also 
devoted to the study of the various forms of atmospheric dis¬ 
integration which were encountered; also to the hot springs of 
Mtagata in Karagwe, Irungatscho and Maji ja moto. During 
Kirschstein’s stay of half a year in the volcanic and lake 
territory he explored the Virunga volcanoes to the north 
of Lake Kiwu with regard to their formation, the erup¬ 
tive effects of their magma, their subsoil and their tectonic 
relations. Investigations which were made respecting the 
earlier water-level and extent of Lake Kiwu and Lake Albert 
Edward, and especially as to their origin and mutual relations, 
finally led to the conclusion, supported by geological and 
palaeontological remains, that these two lakes formed a common 
water-basin before the birth of the volcanoes, which stretched 
out 45 kilometres northward beyond the present-day northern 
shores of Lake Albert Edward. Altogether twenty-eight 
loads of stone and rock were collected. Seventeen of these 
fall to the share of the volcanic territory; the north-western 
portion of German East Africa accounts for five (west shore of 
Lake Victoria, Karagwe, North and East Ruanda); the fos¬ 
silised molluscous fauna of Lake Kiwu yielded two, and four 
loads came from the western margin of the Central African 
rift-valley and from the Congo basin. A preliminary report of 
the geologist’s researches will be found in the Mitteilung a. d 
Deutsch, Schuizgeb.y Jahrgang^ 1908, page 168. 
The expedition’s botanical spoils comprise 3,466 specimens. 
The larger part has already been arranged and classified at the 
Royal Botanical Museum at Berlin. So far forty-nine new liver¬ 
worts have been found, and a cursory inspection of the feather- 
mosses leads one to believe that this figure may be increased; 
