notes on Clifford’s tower. 
7i 
entrusted to Mr. Basil Mott the task of securing the mound 
and keep against further subsidence. Mr. Mott took effectual 
steps to achieve this. He had the whole of front part of 
the keep underpinned with concrete to a depth of 6ft. and to 
3ft. on each side of the foundation (making a total breadth of 
17ft. of concrete), the looser parts of the foundation were 
grouted in to keep this mass of concrete in place, five huge 
ribs 6ft. broad and going down to the clay beneath, were cut 
into the sides of the mound and filled in with concrete. By 
these means, the arc of concrete holding up the wall is sup¬ 
ported by five flying buttresses of solid concrete resting on the 
underlying boulder clay and covered by the turf of the mound.'* 
It was found that the sinking of the mound was due in part 
to the loosening of the soil by tree roots, and in great measure 
to the accumulation of water in the loose stonework within 
the mound. The interior of the mound has been drained, and 
a channel has been made to carry away the water. 
The nature of this work can, however, be best gathered by 
reference to the accompanying plans kindly furnished to us by 
Mr. Mott. An explanation of the plans is appended. 
(3) General Observations and Notes on Objects Found. 
The rock on which the mound is erected is a solid, reddish 
clay, overlaid by a bed of lacustrine marl of very variable 
thickness, apparently deposited by a tidal river in pools. In 
this marl was discovered a wooden boatstay, evidently of great 
age, with an iron nail sticking into it. There was no regular 
order of succession in the various kinds of soil excavated in 
the sides of the mound. Two trenches were cut in the 
interior of the keep, in order to trace the origin of some water 
that escaped into the workings. In these were found lift. 6in. 
of reddish gravel followed by 2ft. of black clay, then the remains 
of a 6in. platform of oak, 2ft. 6in. of black clayey soil followed, 
and remains of a similar oak platform were found supported 
by posts. A boring taken down 14ft. further shewed the same 
black soil. At 3ft. from the base of the retaining wall and 
23ft. from its parapet (that is, 4ft. 6in. below the present level) 
were found the bones to which reference was made before. 
They rested on the clay, and apparently represented a cist 
* See Plates VI. and VII. 
