402 
Eums OF lEON-FOUNDEY, 
Chap. XX. 
introduced by tlie same agency. It is known tliat tlie Jesuits 
also introduced many other trees for the sake of their timber 
alone. Numbers of these have spread over the country, some 
have probably died out, and others failed to spread, like a lonely 
specimen which stands in what was the Botanic Garden of Loanda, 
and, though most useful in yielding a substitute for frankincense, 
is the only one of the kind m Africa. 
A circumstance which would facilitate the extensive propagation 
of the coffee on the proper clay soil, is this. The seed, when buried 
beneath the soil, generally dies, while that which is sown broad¬ 
cast, with no covering except the shade of the trees, vegetates 
readily. The agent in sowing in this case is a bird, which eats 
the outer rind, and throws the kernel on the ground. This plant 
cannot bear the direct rays of the sun, consequently, when a 
number of the trees are discovered in a forest, all that is necessary 
is to clear away the brushwood, and leave as many of the tall 
forest-trees as will afford good shade to the coffee-plants below. 
The fortunate discoverer has then a flourishing coffee plantation. 
This district, small though it be, having only a population of 
13,822, of whom ten only are wliite, nevertheless yields an annual 
tribute to the Government of thirteen hundred cotton cloths, each 
5 feet by 18 or 20 inches, of their own growth and manufacture. 
Accompanied by the Commandant of Cazengo, who was well 
acquainted with this part of the country, I proceeded in a canoe 
down the river Lucalla to Massangano. This river is about 85 
yards wide, and navigable for canoes from its confluence with 
the Coanza, to about six miles above the pouit where it receives 
the Luinha. Near this latter point stand the strong massive 
ruins of an iron-foundry, erected in the times (1768), and by 
the order, of the famous Marquis of Pombal. The whole of 
the buildings were constructed of stone, cemented with oil and 
lime. The dam for w^ater-power wns made of the same materials, 
and 27 feet liigh. This had been broken'through by a flood, and 
solid blocks, many yards in lengfli, were carried down the stream, 
affording an instructive example of the transportmg power of 
water. There was nothing in the appearance of the place to 
indicate unhealtliiness ; but eight Spanish and Swedish w^orkmen, 
being brought hither for the jDurpose of instructing the natives in 
the art of smelting ffon, soon fell victims to disease and “ irregii- 
