vn 
b. Anthropoides. 
Trachea not entering into the keel of the sternum, but only extending partially into a depression of it before 
bending round the mans interclaviczdaris, and then entering into the lungs. I have unfortunately not been able to examine 
a sternum and trachea undoubtedly belonging to Anthropoides leucatichen^ but I have little doubt it will be found to agree 
with the other allied species, and as in the external characters it agrees with the other members of the genus, I have not 
hesitated to put it in the genus Anthropoides. 
Hinder part of crozvn of head alwa5-’s feathered. 
Bill longer than the head or of the same length. Nostrils linear. 
The head is completely feathered and adorned with lengthened feathers in A. virgo and A. paradisea. In A. carun- 
culata it is also feathered, but has the base of the bill covered with granulations or fleshy threads; besides which in this 
species a partially feathered lappet hangs down on each side of the throat. 
In A. leucogeranus the forehead is naked up to above the eyes, while in A. leticatcchen the sides of the face above 
and beneath the eyes are bare, the feathers of the head extending over the crown into a triangle down to a level with 
the eyes. 
Imter secondaries enormously lengthened and pointed in A. paradisea , A. carunculata and A. virgo , less so in 
A. leucauchen and only falcated in A. leucogeramis. 
Lower throat feathers lengthened or loose in A. virgo., A. paradisea and A. cartmculata. 
LIST OF SPECIES OF ANTHROPOIDES. 
Page. Plate. 
1. Anthropoides virgo.35 . . X, Xa. 
2. „ paradisea.41 . . XI, XIa. 
3. „ carunculata ..45 . . XII. 
4. ,, leucauchen.49 . . XIII. 
5 - „ leucogeranu.s.S3 • • XIV. 
c. Balearica. 
Trachea going straight into the lungs without convolutions, and not entering into the keel of the sternum. 
Cheeks bare. Bill rather shorter than the head. Nostrils oblique. 
Head ornamented with a tuft of straw-like bristles on the nape. 
Inner secondaries broadened and slightly decomposed. 
Inner greater wing-coverts straw-coloured and disintegrated. 
Feathers on the lower throat lengthened and pointed. 
Throat naked for the greater part in B. pavonina , besides which it has a gular wattle in B. regiUorum. 
LIST OF SPECIES OF BALE.\RICA. 
Page. Plate. 
I. Balearica pavonina.. . . 57 . . XV, XVa. 
2- „ regulorum.61 . . XVI. 
Cranes moult only once a j^ear, but as the moult occurs at two periods, the wing- and tail-feathers being 
dropped at one time and the body-feathers at another, it has sometimes been supposed erroneously that these birds 
have two moults in the year., Most Cranes in captivity, and this agrees with observations made on some of the species in a 
wild state, moult all the primaries and part of the secondaries at once, so that the birds for a time are unable to fly. I have 
observed this duck-like moult in Grtis japonensisG. comnnmis, G. americana^ Anthropoides lencogeraims and A. paradisea 
and Lord Lilford has noticed the same thing in the first, fourth and fifth species above-named, and besides these in 
Grzis collar is and Anthropoides leticauchen. That this is not an abnormal way of moulting caused by captivity, as mio-ht 
perhaps be conjectured, is proved by what has been observed in some of the species in a wild state. Thus, for instance, 
Mr. Charles Reiche of Alfeld, who yearlj^ imports many specimens of Anthropoides paradisea informs me that these 
birds are captured during the moult when they are unable to fly. The birds are simply surrounded, when in some acces¬ 
sible part of the countrv^ and driven into an enclosure. The Common Crane of Europe in a wild state is also unable to 
fly during the moult. The wing-feathers once shed, grow again very rapidly and the birds soon recover the power of 
flight. This moult, as I have observed in captive specimens of Grus japonensis, and about which I have obtained trust¬ 
worthy information in the case of Grus communis in a state of nature, occurs a few weeks after the young ones are 
hatched, and, as at that time the birds usually live with their offspring in very secluded and swampy places, they probably 
