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THE CROWNED CRANE 
BALEARICA PAVONINA 
PLATES XV, XVa. 
De Kroonvogel, Bosnian, De Guineesche Goud-, Tand- en Slavenkust, II. p. 45. pi- 43- no. ii (1704). 
The Crowned African Crane, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. IV. p. 192. pi. 192 (1751). 
L’Oiseau royal, Briss. Orn. V. p. 511, pi. XLI. (1760). 
Ardea PAVONINA, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 141 (1760) et ed. XII. I. p. 233 (1766) — Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. p. 619 (1788) — Vieill. Gal. 
Ois. suppl. pi. 17 (1825). 
Anthropoides PAVONINA, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. II., p. 165 (1816), id. Gal. Ois. II. pi. 257 juv. (1834) — Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 118. 
Crowned Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i. p. 34 (1785). 
Grus BALEARICA, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. XIII. pp. 557, 560 (1817). 
Balearica PAVONINA, Children in Denham & Clappert. Travels, II. App- p. 200 (1826) — Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 588 (1831) —■ Gray, 
Gen. B. III. p. 553 (1845) — Riipp. Syst. Uber. p. 120 (1845) — Bp. Consp. II. p. 102 (1854) — Heugl. Syst. Uber. p. 57 (1856) 
— Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 218 (1857) — Tristr. Ibis, i860 p. 76 — Wright, Ibis, 1864 p. 142 — Antin. Cat. desser. Uce. p. 100 
(1864) — Keulemans, Tijdschrift voor de Dierk. p. 372 (1866) — Loehe, Expl. Sei. Alger., Ois. II. p. 146 (1867) — Doderl. Avif. 
Sieil. p. 208 (1869) — Saund. Ibis, 1871 p. 390 — Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 25, no. 10094 (1871) — Heuglin, Orn. N. O. Afrik. II. 
pt. I. p. 1258 (1873) — Ussher, Ibis, 1874 p. 73 — Brehm, Thierleben, Vog. III. p. 398 (1879) — Sehmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 316 
— Gigl. Ibis, i88i p. 186 —Tegetm. & Blytli, Monogr. Cranes, p. 19 (1881)—-Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 608—Salvad. Eleneh. Uec. 
Ital. p. 241 (1887) — Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXHI. p. 272 (1894). 
Grus PAVONINA, Wagl. Syst. Av. Grits, sp. i (1827) — Sehleg. Mus. P.-B. Ralli, p. 7 (1867) — Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 429 — 
Finsch. & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 667 (1870) — R. Gray, Ibis, 1872, p. 201. 
Geranarchus PAVONINA, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 438 (1842). 
Vernacular names. The Balearic Crane, the Crowned Crane (English); de Kroonkraan, de Kroonvogel (Dutch) ; 
rOiseau royal, la Grue couronnee (French); der Pfauenkranich (German); Gauraka (Haussas). 
Adult. General colour above and below, dark slaty grey passing into black, especially on the upper parts, where 
the feathers are pointed and more or less falcated. Wing coverts white, the inner greater coverts straw-coloured and 
composed of disintegrated plumes; bastard wing and primary covertg white. Primaries black, secondaries maroon-chestnut, 
the innermost ones a little broadened and lengthened and slightly decomposed. Tail-feathers black. Crown of head covered 
with a patch of velvety black feathers; occiput with a tuft of straw-like bristles tipped with black ; lores, sides of face 
and cheeks bare; the upper half white, the lower half pink. Throat covered with black downish feathers, middle of 
throat bare, covered with a red skin with a fold in the middle which is of the shape and of about double the size of a 
coffee-bean, the fold running vertically across the throat. Neck feathers, especially those of the lower neck in front, 
elongated and lanceolate and a little lighter than the back. Bill black; iris white; legs black. (From a living bird in the 
Zoological Garden of Amsterdam). Wing 22', tail 10', tarsus 7J', middle toe & claw 4I', culmen 2|'. (Specimen in the 
Leiden Museum). 
Immature. General colour, above and below, blackish, the feathers of the upper parts broadly edged with rufous 
and those of the underparts with broad sandy buff margins. Primaries and secondaries as in the adult, but with black 
ends to the maroon secondaries. All the white wing-coverts broadly margined with rufous and black subterminal markings. 
Head and neck sandy rufous; crown of head chestnut with black bases to the downy feathers. Lores bare. Rest of sides 
of face and ear-coverts covered with isabelline down. (Description and figure, Plate XVa, from a skin in the Leiden 
Museum). 
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