166 
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. 
ECHINOCARIS, Whitfield. 1880. 
Echinocaris punctata. 
PLATE XXVII, FIG. 10 ; PLATE XXVIII, FIGS. 1-7 ; and PLATE XXIX, PIGS. 1-8. 
Ceratiocaris ? 'punctatus, Hall. Sixteenth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 74, pi. i, fig. 8. 1863 
Ceratiocaris armatus, Hall. Sixteenth Kept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 72, pi. i, figs. 1-3. 1863. 
Ceratiocans armatus, Hall. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, pi. xxiii, figs. 4, 5. 1876. 
Ceratiocaris {Aristozoe) punctatus, Hall. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, pi. xxiii, fig. 7. 1876. 
Echinocaris punctatus, Whitfield. American Journal of Science, Third Series, vol. xix, p. 37. 1880. 
Echinocaris punctatus, Packard. Palieozoic Allies of Nebalia. Amer. Naturalist, p. 952, fig. 12. 1882. 
Echinocaris punctatus, Packard. Monog. North Amer. Phyllopod Crust. Twelfth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 
Survey, p. 450, fig. 70. 1883. 
Echinocaris armatus, Packard. Monog. North Amer. Phyllopod Ci-ust. Twelfth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 
Survey, p. 451. 1883. 
Echinocaris punctata, Beecher. Ceratiocaridie from the Chemung and Waverly groups. Second Geol. 
Surv. Penna., vol. PPP, p. 6, pi i, figs. 13-16. 1884. 
Echinocaris amnata, Jones and Woodward. Notes on Phyllopodiform Crustacea, referable to the genus 
Echinocaris. Geol. Magazine, Dec. iii, vol. i. No. 9, ii. 2, pi. xiii, fig. 2. 1884. 
Echinocaris armata, Etheridge, Woodward and Jones. Third Kept. Committee on Fossil Phyllopoda of 
the Palseozoic Rocks, p. 35. 1885. 
Cephalothorax. Each valve obliquely sub-ovate, widest posteriorly. Surface 
gently and irregularly convex, most elevated in the postero-lateral region. 
Length to greatest width as 1.5 to 1. Hinge-line short, somewhat longer 
than one-half the length of the carapace, slightly thickened and elevated, 
and upon the posterior half bearing three or four low tubercles. The 
anterior margins of each valve are slightly reentrant at the dorsal line, 
curving thence abruptly and rounding to the ventral edge in a constantly 
widening arc to the postero-lateral extremity; thence forward the margin is 
sharply curved for a short distance and slopes to the hinge in a nearly 
straight line. The posterior reentrant angle thus formed between the valves 
is broad and deep. The entire margin is normally somewhat thickened 
and elevated into a sharp ridge; in specimens from the shales it is 
usually flattened. In well preserved examples, the posterior margin bears 
a few low tubercles, which in old individuals are elongated into stout 
spinules. 
