ROMAN POTTERY FOUND IN BRITAIN. 
37 
II. Fumed Wares (including Belgic, Upchurch, and 
OTHER SMOKE-TINTED OR SMOTHER-KILN WARES). 
It is here primarily necessary to furnish a summary of the facts 
which justify the inclusion of Belgic, Upchurch and other smoke- 
tinted or smother-kiln wares in one and the same category of 
‘ fumed ’ wares. The chemistry of the process of fuming has 
already been explained. 
The term Belgic has been applied to terra nigra (deep black 
glossy coated), orange red and grey wares imitating Arretine and 
Southern Gaulish sigillata shapes of vessels in native Celtic or 
La Tene technique. They were first produced by South Gaulish 
potters, who extended the manufacture into Gallia Belgica when 
that province came under Roman influence, particularly in the 
neighbourhood of Trier, from the time of Augustus to the Flavian 
period, or for not more than about two generations. 
The authorities are agreed that the Belgic wares were coloured 
in the firing process, solely according to the sharpness of the 
baking, grey, black or light red, the red variety having been 
found by Lehner in the same patterns, in the same potters’ kilns 
at Trier, as the black. 
The black colour is stated by Ritterling and Dragendorfi :; to be 
produced, like that of the Italian bucchero vessels, by steaming in 
smoke fumes and rubbing in of carbon particles of soot, and not 
by a laid on colour. The light red they consider to be only more 
sharply baked than the grey and black ; and its glossy surface to 
be due to a fine burnishing, and not to a coating or glaze. The 
grey vases found along with them are included with the terra 
nigra, since they differ only in showing the natural colour of the 
clay, whilst the others are artificially blackened, or partly black 
and partly grey. 
More recently the name of Belgic has been used by Loeschcke, 
not only for imitations of sigillata produced in Late Celtic 
technique, but also for a coarser description, the autochthonous 
Belgic types, such as cooking pots, store vessels, &c., which came 
more into prominence with the abandonment of sigillata imitation 
in those countries still retaining the Late Celtic culture, Gaul, 
* Bonn. Jahrb., XCVL, p. 96 ; Ritterling, Nassauer Annal., XXXIV, (1904). 
P* 76 ff. 
