DAVID CERNA-PILGRIMAGE AND CIVILIZATION OF THE TOLTEC8. 65 
earth, after a prosperous reign of a little over four hundred years, the 
great Toltec nation, one of the most powerful and civilized monarchies 
that once inhabited the imposing regions of Anahuac. 
A great people passed foreve?, it is true, but their civilization was the 
foundation of that of the other nations that followed and that were, with 
the Toltecs themselves, destined to excite the wonder and admiration of 
future generations all over the world. 
The preceding paragraphs relating to the pilgrimage of the Toltecs are 
based chiefly on the writings of IXTLILXOCHITL.* The first history, 
however, that treats of the wanderings of the Toltecs and of the genea¬ 
logy of the Toltec kings is that of TORQUEMADA. t Later writers, 
such as CLAYIGERO, VETANCOURT, and VEYTIA follow closely the 
works of IXTLILXOCHITL and TORQUEMADA. 
CHAVERO+ in his recent excellent work, after examining very care¬ 
fully all previous researches, takes issue with most of these, especially 
those of IXTLILXOCHITL. CHAVERO says that, according to VEY¬ 
TIA who followed the chronology presented by IXTLILXOCHITL, the 
Toltecs, after founding their city, established a monarchical form of gov¬ 
ernment, electing Chalchiuhtlanetzin their first king, through the advice 
of Huemac. Chalchiuhtlanetzin was the son of Icuauhtzin , emperor of 
the Chichimecs. According to Toltec law, the reign of a monarch was 
limited to fifty-two years. Chalchiuhtlanetzin occupied the throne from 
719 to 771, at the end of which term he died, and was succeeded by 
Ixtlecuechahuac . Then followed the son of this latter, Huetzin , who 
reigned until 875. Huetzin was succeeded by Totepeuh , who also ruled 
fifty-two years, that is, till the year 927. The fifth king was Nacaxoc , 
who reigned up to 979. Nacaxoc was followed by Mitl, who so distin¬ 
guished himself in the management of public affairs that he was allowed 
to rule until his death, having reigned till the year 1035. His wife, 
Xiuhtlatzin , was then made queen, but this sovereign was only four years 
in power, when she died, and the government was placed in the hands 
of her son Tecpancaltzin . After the fifty-two years’ rule Tecpancaltzin 
was succeeded, in 1091, by his natural son Topiltzin , the last of the Toltec 
kings, the monarchy having come to an end in the year 1116. 
CHAYERO finds contradiction in these historical relations. Thus he 
says that TORQUEMADA took the names of Tecpancaltzin and Topilt¬ 
zin, for one king only. The name of Quechaocatlahinotzin is given by 
that writer also to Chalchiuhtlanetzin; and Ixtlilcuechahuac receives not 
less than five other different appellations, that is, Izacatecatl , Tlaltocatl , 
Tlilquechahuac , Tlachinotzin, and Tlilquecliaocatlahinotzin. Mitl is known 
*Belaciones historicas de la Nacion Tolteca; also Historia Chichimeca. 
\Monarquia Indiana. 
\Loco Citat., p. 358, 
