APPENDIX! 
Abstracts in chronological sequence of published studies about Florida Bay 
Chronological sequence is by date of sampling (if known) or in the case of calculated or inferred 
parameters by the earliest date determined. Geological studies describing formation of 
geological features in the area are listed by publication date. Publication date of a paper or 
report are noted with a diamond next to the year of publication. The study dates are listed in 
Appendix II and are shown in a common time line in Appendix III. Related papers/reports are 
listed at the end of this section. Abstracts/summaries/conclusions listed are as provided by 
the author, with minor modifications, unless noted. In cases where a copy of the paper/report 
could not be found, this is noted or the abstract found in Schmidt (1991) was listed. All 
citations in Appendix I are listed in Appendix IV. Author and subject indices are provided after 
the Appendices. 
1700 - 1983 
Shen, G. T., and E. A. Boyle (1987) Lead in corals: reconstruction of historical industrial 
fluxes to the surface ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. . 82:289-304. 
Twentieth century environmental Pb chronologies for the western North Atlantic, 
Pacific, and Indian Oceans were reconstructed from annually-banded scleractinian 
corals. The skeletal Pb concentrations in a Montastrea annularis specimen from Florida 
Bay were determined from 1700 to 1983. This survey of lattice-bound stable Pb and 
Pb isotopes in corals from four major ocean basins confirms (by independent means) 
the previously-inferred anthropogenic dominance of Pb found throughout the surface 
ocean today, and over the past century. Perturbations were observable in all specimens 
studied, attesting to global augmentation of environmental Pb by industrialization. In the 
western North Atlantic, Pb perturbations have occurred in direct response to the 
American industrial revolution and the subsequent introduction and phasing-out of alkyl 
Pb additives in gasoline. Surface ocean conditions near Bermuda may be reliably 
reconstructed from the coral data via a Pb distribution coefficient of 2.3 for the 
species, Diploria strigosa. Based on 210 Pb measurements, a similar distribution 
coefficient may be characteristic of corals in general. Surface Pb concentrations in the 
pre-industrial Sargasso Sea were about 15-20 pM. Concentrations rose to near 90 pM 
by 1923 as a result of metals manufacture and fossil fuel combustion. Beginning in the 
late 1940's, increased utilization of leaded gasoline eventually led to a peak 
concentration of 240 pM in 1971, representing an approximate 15-fold increase over 
background. Surface ocean concentrations are presently declining rapidly (128 pM in 
1984) as a result of curtailed alkyl Pb usage. Lead isotopic shifts parallel the 
concentration record indicating that characteristic industrial and alkyl Pb source 
signatures have not changed appreciably over time. Samples of the coral Montastrea 
annularis collected 1 km from shore at 4 m depth at the Hens and Chickens Reef in 1978 
and 1983 respectively were used to reconstruct historical industrial Pb fluxes to the 
ocean surface. Industrial releases recorded in the Florida Keys reflect a weaker source 
and evidence of recirculated Pb (5 - 6 yrs old) from the North Atlantic subtropical 
gyre. An inferred background concentration of 38 pM suggests influence of shelf and/or 
resuspended inputs of Pb to these coastal waters. 
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