corresponding movement south in the fall. The evidence suggests that red drum winter 
over in the area just south of Cape Hatteras, along with related species. Red drum feed 
heavily on crustaceans in all areas of the range. In southwestern Florida red drum in 
the area of Flamingo consumed over five times more shrimp by per cent volume than 
red drum in the Ten Thousand Islands area. In the Ten Thousand Islands the diet of the 
red drum showed a heavier dependence on crabs (mainly xanthids) and a greater 
variety of food than the red drum from Flamingo. Stomach samples from both areas 
showed that as red drum grow larger they eat proportionately more crabs with xanthid 
crabs being the most important. Fish is a moderately important food for the smaller 
sizes but diminishes markedly in importance as food for the largest red drum. Red drum 
seem able to feed by visual or tactile means and can capture prey by a vigorous 
branchial expansion. Red drum often feed in a "head down’ position with the body 
pointed upward in a 30 to 45 angle. In shallow water the tail may extend above the 
surface. In this position the ventral surface of the lower jaw is nudged along the bottom 
apparently searching for shallowly buried animals. Small extensions of the first pelvic 
fin rays apparently serve as tactile filaments and aid the fish in orienting itself with 
the bottom. Red drum also feed by laying in depressions or channels adjacent to sand 
bars and shallow flats where they feed on small animals which are swept off these 
areas by action or currents. Red drum have been found in temperatures which range 
from 2 to 33°C. Rapid drops in temperature can cause mortality. The older red drum 
seem more sensitive to cold than the young. Red drum are a euryhaline species and have 
been collected in salinities ranging from 0 to 50 %o. Older fish appear to be more 
tolerant of hypersaline conditions than young fish. The young penetrate more deeply 
into low salinity areas than do the adults. Eight different species of parasites were 
collected of which the majority were copepods. No individual fish were found to be 
heavily parasitized. 
1960 - 1964 
Pierce, E. L. (1965) The distribution of lancelots (Amphioxi) along the coasts of Florida. 
Bull. Mar. Sci. . 15:480-94. 
[NO COPY OF PAPER AVAILABLE. ABSTRACT FROM SCHMIDT (1991).] The distribution 
of lancelots (Amphioxi) was studied in nearshore areas along both coasts of Florida by 
sand dredge, principally during the summers of 1961 - 1962. A single species, 
Branchiostomus caribaeum, was found, occurring at times, in excess of 15 L' 1 of sand. 
The largest numbers were found from Cape Sable to Cedar Key. The east coast, Indian 
River, and the Florida Keys yielded few or no specimens. The peninsular West coast 
area provides a more favorable environment than do other areas studied. The 
southernmost catches occurred in the Everglades National Park (Mormon Key). Areas of 
higher concentrations were characterized by clean, silicious sand with shell fragments, 
tidal currents, salinities between 22 - 35 °/oo , and abundant phytoplankton. 
1961 0 
Bock, W. D. (1961) The benthonic foraminifera of southwestern Florida Bay. M. S. Thesis. 
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wl. 
[NO COPY OF PAPER AVAILABLE.] 
1961 0 
Stehli, F. G., and J. Hower (1961) Mineralogy and early diagensis of carbonate sediments. 
J. Sed. Petrol. . 31:358-71. 
[NO COPY OF PAPER AVAILABLE. ABSTRACT FROM SCHMIDT (1991).] This study 
concentrated on the chemistry and mineralogy of carbonate sediments and on the 
chemical and mineralogical changes which they undergo during alteration into carbonate 
rock. All of the comparable Pleistocene carbonate rocks and most of the Recent 
159 
