• how environmental conditions may change; 
• which species may become threats under projected future conditions, including 
temperature tolerances of species; 
• which systems may become vulnerable to invasion due to changes in temperature, 
nutrient availability, water quality or quantity, and/or changes in ecological community 
composition; 
• how vectors will be influenced by changes in climate; 
• how management actions, such as control methods, may be affected by changes in the 
environment; and 
• what research is needed to better inform management strategies. 
State councils (or agency staff in the absence of a council) would benefit from sharing 
climate-related concerns and data with other states to address regional species of concern due to 
shifts in climate. For example, neighboring states could be alerted to encroaching species, 
changing vectors, and modified control strategies when possible. Lists of potential invaders 
could be created and distributed among neighboring states when possible. Regional councils 
may also be useful in coordinating these activities. 
State councils may also play a role in coordinating cross-program integration for 
strategies and tasks that involve more than one state agency or more than one division within 
agencies, particularly those aspects that may involve multiple media. 
Not every state will have the resources to develop an organized, systematic approach to 
address climate change. In these states, natural resource management and environmental 
protection agency staff and coordinators may begin incorporating climate-change information by 
reviewing current prevention, control, and eradication activities, as well as planned action items, 
for their potential vulnerability to climate change; identifying information needs; and modifying 
strategies where feasible and when climate information is available from the growing body of 
related literature or from knowledgeable practitioners and researchers. 
2.4.2. Adapting Prevention Activities 
Prevention measures are implemented to avoid the introduction and establishment of 
invasive species and are widely recognized as the most effective and cost-efficient tools for 
combating invasive species (Keller et al., 2007; Leung et al., 2002; NISC, 2001; Wittenberg and 
Cock, 2001). Addressing invasive species through prevention mechanisms such as early 
detection and eradication will be less costly over the long-term than post-entry maintenance and 
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