• How climate and overfishing impacts interact to affect AIS. 
• How other factors (e.g., poor water quality) may facilitate the establishment and spread of 
AIS under climate change. 
Mack et al. (2000) note that research on just invasive species dates back only a few 
decades, and more research is needed particularly on the epidemiology of invasive species so 
that predictions may be more accurate. This information will also be important for 
understanding how invasive species may respond to changing conditions. Dukes and Mooney 
(1999) identify a need to study climate-change effects on invasive-species distribution, while 
Byers (2002) suggests studying the impacts of non-native species on native species as the system 
recovers from a disturbed state to more natural conditions. Overall, researchers conclude that we 
still need to conduct a significant amount of research on invasive species and climate change in 
order to address many of the information needs of managers. 
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