• Most of the AIS management activities done by states, 
• Each step in the invasion pathway (transportation, colonization, establishment, and 
spread), 
• Invasive-species impacts (ecologic, economic, and human health), 
• Specific invasive species and the ecosystems they invade, and 
• Interacting stressors. 
These topics illustrate that much more information could be incorporated into decision 
making. However, there are practical steps that states can take now to adapt AIS management 
activities to the altered environmental conditions that are projected to exist due to climate 
change. Initial steps are summarized into five recommendations: 
(1) Incorporate climate-change considerations into leadership and coordination activities 
(2) Identify new AIS threats as a result of climate change 
(3) Identify ecosystem vulnerabilities and improve methods to increase ecosystem resilience 
(4) Evaluate the efficacy of control mechanisms under changing conditions 
(5) Manage information systems to include considerations of changing conditions 
These are some of the areas where an understanding of the effects of climate change will 
be important to our ability to achieve stated management goals in the future. 
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