• There is a need for chemical control methods for applesnails, which escaped from 
aquaculture ponds and invaded taro wetlands. The use of copper is too damaging. 
• More effective control methods for giant reed are needed. Glyphosate is not effective 
enough. Arsenal™, a type of herbicide, is another option, but officials are unsure if it can 
be used in water. They need to know more about the non-target effects. Giant reed is 
harder to kill than many plants because of the depth of its root system. Another problem 
is locating existing populations. A developing method of thermal location would be very 
helpful, but it is still in the developmental stage. 
• There is a need for better techniques for surveillance and detection. Officials rely 
strongly on the general public to report unusual events. Hiking groups and fishermen 
report such events often, but, without this information, Hawaii would have no way to 
know what is happening. There are not enough staff to carry out surveillance. 
• Mechanisms to keep aquarium releases from occurring are needed. 
• There is a need for Salvinia molesta, Pistia, and Eichhornia control and prevention. 
A-40 
