BIRDS INTRODUCED AND ESTABLISHED IN AUSTRALIA 
1* Indian Turtle-dove Streptopelia suratensis Gmelin 
distribution. Afghanistan, India, and Ceylon. 
description. Head, grey; back and wings, brown; hind-neck and 
sides of neck, black with white spots; tail-feathers, blackish, all but the 
centre pair tipped with white; throat, whitish; remainder of under¬ 
parts, cinnamon. Length about 13 inches. 
notes. Also called Spotted Dove. A common bird in parks and 
gaidens of cities and suburbs of the coastal areas, and is gradually 
extending its range inland. It is a destructive bird in gardens. Food: 
seeds, buds, and young shoots of plants. 
2. Red-whiskered Bulbul Otocompsa emeria Linnseus 
distribution. India, China, Malay Peninsula, and the Mauritius. 
description. Forehead, crown of head and crest, front of cheeks 
and bill, black; patch behind the eye, pale crimson; back, wings, and 
tail, biown, cheeks and under-parts, white, with an incomplete black 
band on the chest, and washed with pale brown on the sides of neck, 
and abdomen; under tail-covers, pinkish-red. Length about 7 inches! 
notes. Also called Red-vented Bulbul and Top-knot. This serious 
pest is unfortunately becoming very common in parks, gardens, and 
orchards of Sydney and suburbs, and is gradually establishing itself in 
Melbourne. Food: insects and their lame, seeds, fruits, and the buds 
and young shoots of plants. 
3. Black-bird Turdus merula Linnaeus 
distribution. Europe, northern Africa, Egypt, Syria, Persia, and 
the Azores. 
description. Adult male: uniform glossy black; bill, orange- 
yellow. Female: dark brown above; under-parts, rufous-brown streaked 
with blackish-brown; bill, brown. Length about 10 inches. 
notes. This beautiful songster is extremely common in the parks, 
gardens, and surrounding districts of Melbourne and Adelaide. It is 
gradually extending its range northwards and inland. Food: insects 
and their larvsc, snails, and fruits. Occasionally destructive in gardens. 
4. Song-thrush Turdus philomclos Brehm 
distribution. Europe, western Asia, and India. 
description. Dark olive-brown above; breast and sides of body. 
