The Htftory of A N I M A L S. 
and the cranium is of a dufky brown colour: the anterior part of the back is ridged, 
but not {harp, and behind the fin it is alfo rounded or convex: the anterior part of the 
belly is flat, but between the ventral fins and the anus it is contracted into an edge i 
the fcales are large, and of a beautiful filvery colour on the fides, but they are of a 
dufky tinge on the back, and fomewhat yellowifh toward the belly i the tail and all 
the fins, except the pedtoral ones, are red ; the pedoral fins are brown, and have fix- 
teen rays3 the ventral fins are as red as blood, and have ten, and fometimes eleven, 
rays in each : there is only one fin on the back, and that is red on the upper part, but 
of a mixed, dufkifh, and hoary colour below : the pinna ani is of a paler red than 
the others, but extreamly bright and beautiful3 it has fourteen rays, fometimes fif¬ 
teen : the tail is forked, and of a bright red, and has, befide the little extream rays, 
nineteen long and large ones: the vertebrae are thirty-feven in number 3 the long ribs 
fourteen or fifteen. 
This is frequent in the rivers and lakes of Sweden and Denmark, and many other 
parts of Europe. Ray and Wiliughby call it Bramis affinis 3 others, Erythroph- 
thalmus, or the Red Eye j the Swedes, Sarfe. 
Cyprinus cirris quatuor ojficulo tertio pinnarum dorfe et ani 
uncinulis armato . 
The Cyprinus , with four beards , and with hooks m the 
third ray of the back fin . 
The general length of a well grown fifh of this fpecies is about eleven inches j the 
head is of a dufky blue colour and glofly j the back rifes into a kind of ridge in it’s 
anterior part 3 lower down it is more convex : the belly is all the way flat, and is con- 
fiderably broad, and the body is rounder or thicker than in moft others of this genus: 
when the mouth is fhut, the upper jaw appears a little longer than the under, and both 
are tinged a little yellowifh at the edges 3 the mouth is moderately large : there are, on 
the upper jaw, four cirri or beards, two on each fide 3 the lower of thefe is the 
larger, and is fituated at the end of the opening of the mouth ; it grows to three quar¬ 
ters of an inch in length, and is of a yellowifh colour 3 the upper cirrus is fhorter 
and of a blackifh hue : the pupil of the eye is round, and looks blue 3 and the iris is 
of a‘ mixed filvery and gold colour: the coverings of the gills are ffriated, and are of a 
yellowifh colour. 
The fcales of this fifh are large, and of an irregularly angular figure, pentangular, 
or quadrangular, or other wife 3 thofe which are fituated in the middle of the fides, and 
form the linea lateralis of the fifh, have each of them a frnall hole bored through 
them 3 the others have nothing of this : the fcales all vary in colour, according to the 
age of the fifh and other accidents 3 they are fometimes of a filvery white alone 3 
fometimes they are yellowifh, or greenifh, or fhaded with olive colour, or wich black 3 
they are placed in a regularly imbricated manner, and are very bright and glofly : the 
lateral line is flraight, and is nearer the back than the belly; the back fin is blackifh 3 
the ventral fins are of a pale colour, with a tinge of red, as are alfo the pedoral ones; 
the pinna ani and the tail are red, or of a mixed colour of reddifh and blackifh : the 
pedoral fins have each fixteen rays, the ventral ones each nine 3 the back fin is long, 
and has twenty-four rays, and the pinna ani has nine ; the tail is forked, and has 
nineteen long rays. The fize that Carp will grow to in home places is furprifing 5 they 
will live a long time out of water, which is owing to the coverings of the gills fhutting 
very dole: the heart is of a roundifh, but fomewhat angulated, figure 3 the fpleen is 
flatted and angulated 5 the ovaries are two, and are very large, as are alfo the veficulag 
feminales: the liver is divided into three lobes 5 the gall-bladder is large and blue, and 
has a duet running to the orifice of the ftomach: the kidnies are two 3 they are laid 
clofe to the back-bone, and have two manifefl: ureters running to the urinary bladder, 
which is fituated clofe to the extremity of the inteffine. 
The vertebrae of the Carp are thirty-feven, the ribs thirteen or fourteen; 
The Greeks call the Carp Cyprinus and Cyprianus 3 and the Latin writers, in ge¬ 
neral, from them, Cyprinus. Some have called it Carpa, Carpo, and Carpera, and 
feme Carpanus 3 Paulus Jovius calls it Rayna and Bulbarus. 
Cyprinus 
