516 Observations on Habits and Parasites of Common Flies 
vegetation in 1835, and that a small fly, Lonchaea vaginalis, common 
there in June was particularly infested by it. Loew (1845) “mentions 
having found in August 1841 another small fly, Ulidia demandata, 
running about in numbers on dry stems in a waste place on the parade- 
ground at Ofen, and so pursued by ‘ Chelifer corallorus : ' that it was 
difficult to find specimens free from the attachment of this Arachnid.” 
Very rarely pseudo-scorpions have also been found attached to the 
legs of other species of flies, hover-flies and a species of Anthomyia 
(Gerstaecker, 1859), a species belonging to the Dexiidae (Banks, 1895), 
and daddy-long-legs (Hagen, 1879, and Wagner, 1892). Menge (1855) 
describes eight fossil species in Prussian amber, and reports the finding 
of one still attached to the leg of an ichneumon. 
Certain kinds of pseudo-scorpions in several widely separated parts 
of the world have been found in the nests of bees, and they have 
been found associated with beetles, Alans oculatus, and other species, 
especially in America. They do not, as far as is known at present, 
attach themselves to the legs of beetles, but occur on the dorsal surface 
under the wings. It has been suggested that they seek this situation 
in order to feed on the mites with which the beetles are often infested. 
On two occasions pseudo-scorpions have been found attached to 
the legs of the long-legged false-spiders or harvestmen (Spicer, 1867, 
Leydig, 1867). 
Instances in which two or more pseudo-scorpions have been found 
attached to a single fly are seldom observed. Both Hagen (1867) 
and Knab (1897) observed an instance of two chelifers attached to 
one leg of a house-fly, while Stainton (1864) saw a house-fly with 
three attached to one leg, and the same condition has been re¬ 
corded in the case of Lonchaea vaginalis by the writer of the 
editorial note in the Entomological Magazine (1835). Low (1866) 
noticed two attached symmetrically to opposite legs of Ulidia erythro- 
phthalma. Knab (1897) and Stainton (1864) have noticed three on one 
house-fly, and Stevens (1866) observed one house-fly with six chelifers 
clinging to it and another with eight. Hagen (1867) even states that 
ten have been found on a single fly. Loew (1845) mentions that some 
of the U. demandata observed by him were beset with three or more 
pseudo-scorpions, Schiner (1872) reported the capture of a specimen 
of this species with five chelifers attached to it, and the writer of the 
editorial note in the Entomological Magazine (1835) refers to the attach¬ 
ment of as many as four to the legs of Lonchaea vaginalis. 
In some years pseudo-scorpions are more commonly found attached 
