4 
TRANS. ST. LOUIS ACAD. SCIENCE. 
[586 
The male flowers (vulgo aments) and female aments have, 
like the peduncles, and in continuation of them, binate or ternate 
scales; the edge of the anther-scales corresponds in its character 
to the margin of the leaves of the same species; the number of 
anther-cells varies from 4 to 8 on each scale, more in the robuster, 
less in the slenderer forms. 
The juicy strobil, Galbulus, which we may for shortness’ sake 
designate by the popular name of berry , matures like the fruit of 
many oaks and of the true pines in the second year, but, unlike 
them, it attains almost its full size in the first autumn, when even 
the stony coating of the seed is pretty well formed, but it matures 
fully a year later. We often observe berries of both years, young 
and maturing ones, on the same stock; but where it bears only 
every other year, as conifers often do, fruit of one season and of 
one state of maturation only is found at one time. The berry is 
generally closed, but in some species (I have seen it in J. Mexi - 
cana , y. occidentalism and y. tetrago?ia) it occasionally—on certain 
trees almost always—remains open at top, with protruding seeds. 
The berry is always full of resin receptacles, mostly close to 
the seeds, often leaving longitudinal impressions on their sur¬ 
face, giving them a grooved appearance. In some species the 
berries are larger, drier, of a reddish-brown (when fresh reddish- 
glaucous) color, fibrous texture and sweetish taste, the resinous 
matter—present in the immature berry—having apparently most¬ 
ly been changed into sugar;* in other species they are black 
with a blue bloom, smaller, more pulpy, and retain to a great 
extent their resinous contents unchanged. These differences in 
the berries may be used to divide the species into two groups, 
while form and arrangement of leaves are unavailable for this 
purpose. 
The seeds vary in number; in some species they are single or 
sometimes in twos, rarely in threes, while in others the number 
rises from 5 to 10 or even 12, of which some usually remain im¬ 
perfect. The seeds have a hard, stony coating, often of great 
thickness, ovate in general outline, smooth, or grooved or angled 
and variously compressed, and sometimes rough or tubercled; 
* I have been able to examine the fresh fruit of only J. Californica and pachyphlcea , but 
have little doubt that that of the other two species, referred here, is of the same character. 
A similar process seems to take place in the sap of the sugar-pine, Pinus Lambertiana. 
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