SAGANA; SATURNIODES. By Dr. M. Draudt. 
rubra. 
parvi- 
macula. 
kasloensis. 
cedrosensis. 
sapatoza. 
medea. 
carina. 
charila. 
miles. 
orios. 
ockcndeni. 
S. rubra Behr (= euryalus Bscl., californica Grt., ceanothi Behr) (129 c) is easily separated by the quite 
red ground-colour. — parvimacula Grt. is distinguished by the reduction of the discal spots. — kasloensis Ckll. 
is above darker purple brown, beneath much blacker and less red. From British Columbia. — cedrosensis Ckll., 
from Mexico (Cedros I.), is broadly and diffusely blackened at the distal margin in both wings above, with 
hardly any submarginal markings; ocellus of forewing small; beneath intensely blackened. — In aberrative 
specimens the ocelli may be entirely absent as in E. calleta. Larva green with blue or yellow knobbed tubercles 
with black thorns. It lives on Ceanotbus thyrsiflorus, but also on cherry and apple. Rubra can be hybridized 
with cecropia, the product being occasionally also found in nature. 
II. Group. 
Cell of forewing closed (Saturniinae). 
1. Division. Vein 1 b of hindwing absent (Saturniinae s. str.). 
1. Genus: Sagana Wkr. 
Shape somewhat like that of the palaearctic Rhodinia, of medium size, the d with a roundedly produced 
apex of the forewing, on both wings with crescentiform hyaline spots enclosing the likewise curved cross-vein. 
On the forewing 5 comes from the upper cell-angle, 6 close before it, 7 and 8 from the centre of the upper 
cell-margin, 9 and 10 being quite absent. Cell of hindwing very long, 5 from the upper angle, G a little bifore 
it; 7 terminates into the apex. Proboscis rather well developed, palpi rudimentary. Antennae of $ bipectinate, 
in the $ shortly pectinate. 
Type: S. sapatoza Westw. 
S. sapatoza Westiv. (103 c). Wings on the greyish brown ground densely strewn with greenish yellow, 
the most densely on the averted sides of the two transverse stripes, the distal one of which is undulate; sub¬ 
marginal area mixed with a darker red-brown, at the apex of either wing a small black, distally white-pupilled 
spot. Colombia. It has recently also been bred, but apparently nothing has yet been published about the 
early stages. 
2. Genus: Saturniodes Rothsch. 
Very closely allied to Sagana and also Copaxa, with longer antennal combs, the anterior tibia with a 
short or absent spine. Cross-vein straight, in the centre of the mostly round hyaline spot. The subcostal vein 
of the hindwing terminates in the distal margin. A few species from the High Andes. 
Type: S. medea Maass. 
S. medea Maass. (104 a) is a variable large beautiful species; blackish-grey, strewn with yellow, with 2 
undidate-dentate transverse stripes which are bordered with white on the averted sides, the exterior stripe 
being double. Eyespot of forewing with a large hyaline centre, distally finely surrounded with yellow. In the 
nomenclatural type the sub marginal line of the forewing is narrow, the apical spot above and beneath small. 
Under surface blackish brown, both wings with a narrow white submarginal line; below the apical spot of the 
forewing there is a narrow, white crescent bordered with red. Ecuador. — carina Rothsch. The white submarginal 
band of the fore wing is 5 mm broad; beneath strongly mixed with yellow, the grey ground almost entirely 
suppressed; the black apical spot of the forewing is smaller than the ocellus of the hindwing, the submarginal 
bow below it is red, not larger than the black following bow. Carabaya (Southern Peru), from an altitude of 
9000—9500 ft. — charila Rothsch. Like carina , the white submarginal band broader and also beneath very 
distinct. Beneath preferably greyish-white, both wings with a blackish-brown band mixed with yellow' distally 
to the eyespot of the forewing and straight through the eyespot of the hindwing; the sub marginal black and 
red is more extensive than in carina. Marcapata (South-Eastern Peru), according to 1 — In miles Rothsch. 
the white submarginal line is narrower, the black apical spot of the forewing larger, on the under surface a large 
red spot behind it. The white submarginal line of the hindwing is distinct, on the forewing only behind distinct; 
ground-colour whitish-grey. Abdomen laterally with a black, white-edged line. From Western Peru. All these 
forms are extremely rare hitherto, our figure has been made according to a magnificent $ of the Berlin Museum. 
S. orios Dyar (104 a). According to the photo of the type which was most kindly put at our disposal, 
it seems to be very similar to the form carina, unless it be carina itself. Apex of forewing apparently somewdiat 
more produced, apex of hindwing more angular, its distal margin straighter and the anal angle more produced; 
median area on both wings narrower, subterminal line broad, on the hind wing the antemedian line touches 
the eyespot. Beneath grey, only towards the margin strewn with yellow, with a black straight median band 
across both wings, the white submarginal line absent in both wings. Cuzco, Peru, 11 500 ft. 
S. ockendeni Drc. is likewise similar; antennae and abdomen quite black. Forewing dark brown, strewn 
with yellowish; antemedian line yellowish white, subterminal line light brown, not white, more obliquely 
extending from near the apex to the centre of the inner margin, distal margin fawn. Antemedian line of hindwing 
quite black, without any white, only bordered by few yellowish scales, not reaching the costal margin. L T nder 
