ZEMEROS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
773 
Zerneros flegyas , never together in numbers. Nearly all the specimens are fond of settling down on the upper 
surface of leaves with their wings half open, then they turn round and jump over to another leaf. They are 
by no means timid and, therefore, easily captured. In the net, however, they are very restless, for which reason 
undamaged specimens are so rarely found in the collections. All the Nemeobiinae incline still more than the 
other day-butterflies to geographical variability. Of one species we know five areal races from New Guinea, 
and as many are yet to be expected from those parts of the island that have not yet been explored. On the 
Indian Continent, the influence of the seasons- makes itself felt, though the variation caused thereby is not 
so great as in the Satyrids and many Nymphalids. From all less explored districts of the east we have still 
to expect new species and local forms. In New Guinea especially one discovery is followed by another. 
1. Genus: Zemeros Bsd. 
To the detailed diagnose by Seitz in Vol. I, p. 253 we have but to add that the first subcostal vein 
of the forewings is sometimes for a short distance grown together with the costal. Cell broad, uncommonly 
short. The posterior discocellular, unlike all the ether Nemeobiidi, runs exactly against the origin of the middle 
median, whereas in the other genera it ends distal to the median bifuraction. Precostal very long. The costal 
like in the genus Dodona, only united at the base with the radial stem. It runs, after the radiation of the pre- 
costal, yet for some distance parallel with the radial base and then only it ascends steeply. Clasping-organs 
allied to those of the genus Dodona ; tegumen with a skinny, broad, short uncus with small ventral lateral horns 
standing lower than in Abisara. Valve of the plainest formation, with a broad basal part and a distinct, slender 
tip. Penis-tube not armed with spines, very long. Larva on Moesa-species. The early stages have been described, 
but not yet figured. Imago in thinly-wooded forests or at their skirts, sitting with its wings spread out or but 
slightly raised. Everywhere common and ascending from the plains up to about 2000 m. Widely distributed 
on the continent, from the West Himalaya right across South China as far as Ningpo, Hongkong, Hainan, 
and in the whole of Indo-China as far as Tonkin, as well as Annam. It does not occur in South India, in Ceylon 
and the Philippines, but it occurs in the Malayan Archipelago from Sumatra to Sumbawa and Celebes. Imago 
subject to metagenesis especially at the northern periphery of its range, numbering beside the Abisara among 
the most variable Nemeobiidi. 
Z. flegyas occurs on the continent and in Java in a form of the dry period, with faded purple- 
brown upper surface and indistinct dotting. Specimens of the Monsoon period are predominantly reddish 
brown with black speckles and covered with white dots placed in rows. The $ differs from the $ only by a 
somewhat lighter colouring and rounder wing-contours. In Nias, however, and the Micromalayan Islands 
there seem to occur no dry period-forms but the $$ differ remarkably from the red-brown or dark ruby-coloured 
by their light ochre-yellow colouring. Another peculiarity in the Macromalayan subspecies is the presence 
of a series of greyish white, broadened subapical spots of the forewings. All these modifications are shown by 
our table 139a. flegyas Cr. (Vol. I, p. 254, t. 89 b) was depicted according to specimens of the rainy period-form, flegyas. 
Kershaw figures a 5 of the winter-form from Hongkong (time of flight beginning from February) exhibiting a 
yellowish-white band of the forewing of almost the same width as in phyliscus. According to Leech it is com¬ 
mon in West and Central China. Observed also near Itchang and C-hangyang, and collected by Pryer in the 
Snowy Valley near Ningpo. In addition to flegyas I include specimens from Tonkin where I myself found only 
representatives of the rainy period-form, from April to September. — confucius Moore denot es a race confucius. 
of a very large habitus from the Island of Hainan. The $ is of a brighter and lighter red-brown than $$ from 
Tonkin. Under surface in both sexes with larger dots of a purer white than in the other continental specimens. — 
allica F., however, is a race of a stunted habitus, with a dull brown upper surface and yellowish, instead of allica. 
white, punctiform spots. Type from Siam; hereto pretty surely belong a great number of specimens from the 
Karen Hills, Burma, which I collected there in May at an altitude of about 300 m. - — annamensis Fruhsl. annamen- 
darker chocolate-brown than from Tonkin which are presumably identical with flegyas Cr. from South 
China. The white dotting scarcer, more effaced. The under surface of a lighter yellowish-brown. $ larger than 
flegyas-QQ from Tonkin, paler. — esla Fruhst. (139 a) belongs to the extreme dry period; smaller than the esla. 
preceding $$ of the wet period, with very broad subapical spots of the forewings being united to a band, and 
the white colouring of which reminds us of $$ from Perak. The form annamensis originates from the rainy 
period and was collected by me in December in the central part of the country, whereas esla comes from the 
south and was taken in the most extreme dry period in February up to an elevation of about 1000 m. — 
indicus Fruhst. (139 a) occurs in Sikkim as a most common butterfly all the year round, at elevations from indicus. 
about 300 to 2000 m. My type is based upon a dry period-form with two yellowish-white apical spots of the 
forewings in both sexes. The specimens of the Monsoon period from Sikkim and Assam in my collection are 
smaller, but more brightly dotted in white than CC from Tonkin. Specimens from the West Himalaya where ^ nc 
indica likewise occurs, are unknown to me in nature. -— albipunctata Btlr. corresponds in the $ with phyliscus tata. 
