860 LYCAENOPSIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
voisier, they are absent altogether in L. cossaea, puspa and transpectus, thus just in three species which are 
anatomically very far separated. 
As to the androconia, except L. musina having already been mentioned, the following six species 
have hitherto been examined: akasa, argiolus, dilectus, corythus, limbatus ; their androconia, all of which are 
of a decidedly calycoid or shovel-shape, exhibit sometimes straight, sometimes curved lateral edges, the free 
end being sometimes straight ly truncated, sometimes bent forward. Thereby the Lycaenopsis contrast with 
palearctic and nearctic genuine Lycaena exhibiting elliptic, sometimes even almost circular androconia, with 
Nacaduba showing fan-like, Zizera showing square androconia, and with the Tarucus, in which they exhibit 
bell-shaped contours. A particularly important fact is that the shape of the androconia of each species is 
also repeated in all its races and forms. 
On the whole, the ascertaining of the Lycaenopsis is probably the most thankless and most difficult 
task of oriental entomology, with respect to the day-butterflies. Chapman is light in saying that the colouring 
of the upper surface is especially deceptive. Somewhat more reliable are the characters of the marking beneath, 
but also these characters are effaced again by variations produced by climatic and geographical influences. 
The punctiform spots may, as a rule, be larger, smaller, or be absent altogether. 
Niceville already in 1890 complained that he Avas unable to distinguish the $$ of many species, 
and even to-day Ave have not yet, advanced in this direction, particularly since owing to the rareness of the 
morphological investigations are out of the question. Most of the $$ of my collection have three or 
four times changed their positions and are still brought into connection with spurious — The existence 
of temporal forms in the Lycaenopsis Avas at first ascertained by W. H. Edava rds for the North American 
L. ladon Cr. ( pseudargiolus Bsd.) (Vol. Y, t. 144 h), and later on by Niceville for continental Indian species. 
I myself ascertained their existence in Javanese and Micromalayan species in 1910. Also in Celebes and the 
Moluccas there are different generations to be recognized in L. puspa. 
Lycaenopsis preponderantly inhabit great altitudes, in the Himalaya even such of more than 3500 m. 
In the mountainous Sikkim there are 8 species, whereas in the hot lowlands of India only one species (puspa) 
is everyAvhere found. The principal seat of the genus is undoubtedly Macromalayana. From Borneo alone 
Ave knoAv 16 species, thus 50 A' more than form India proper. 
Among the 14 certain species which I possess from Java there is not one occurring at an altitude 
of less than 500 m. De Niceville enumerated 11 Sumatran species, to Avhich 4 or 5 recently discovered 
species may be added, partly from Dr. Martin’s collection. From Celebes 5 species Avere known before my 
excursion there, their number having iioav increased to 10. From NeAV Guinea 0 species, in addition to which 
t aa'o more species Avere recently discovered. From the Moluccas 4 species are mentioned, in Lombok I myself 
found 5 species, and just as many we know from Formosa, Avhereas from Nias only three have come so 
far. From the Philippines Semper knew 4 species, to which Chapman has discovered a fifth. Japan is yet 
inhabited by three Lycaenopsis. Except t aao species passing over to NeAV Pomerania, there are no repre- 
sentatives of the genus Lycaenopsis known more to the east than New Guinea, whilst we meet there yet with 
several species of Nacaduba and Lam p ules. 
Characteristic for the genus Lycaenopsis is the very great number of local and endemic species, at 
least in contrast with the likenvise multiform genera Nacaduba and Lampides. Thus Java has alone 2, 
Sumatra 2, Borneo 4 endemic species occurring nowhere else, AAdiereas from Celebes Ave know 3 and from 
NeAV Guinea autochthonous species. From the Malayan Peninsula only 10 species are registered, Avhereas 
from Sumatra already 16 species are ascertained, which proves Iioav insufficiently this region was searched 
for Lycaenopsis . From there AA r e may expect yet quite a series of novelties, presumably also from the Philip¬ 
pines and German New Guinea, from Avhere only 1 Lycaenopsis has come, whilst from the British district 
Ave already know 5 and from the Snow Mountains 3 certain species. 
Very interesting is the distribution of the Lycaenopsis on the different parts of Celebes, particularly 
if we compare the species of this island with those of the Philippines or of Macromalayana. We know 8 species 
from the south, A\ r hereas from the north hitherto 5. The abundance of the south in contrast Avith the north, 
hoAvever, is surely only specious, because, by my stay in the mountains there, the south Avas more thoroughly 
explored than the north. Of the 10 species only 3 are endemic in the island. One species ( nedda ) must be 
regarded as a Papuan element which has also proceeded as far as Borneo and Timor. A remarkable fact 
is that Ave do not knoAv one species which Celebes has exclusively in common with the Philippines, but this 
may be due to the north having been quite insufficiently explored. It is, however, no wonder that there 
are 5 species that have their principal seat in Macromalayana. 
